Abstract: A method, an intelligent switch, a device, and a network for recognizing deviations in communication behavior of the network are provided. Characteristics of communication are monitored and evaluated regarding security behavior of the network using a model of a communication behavior of the network. For each communication over a switch of the network, at most three security values are derived from communication metadata of the respective communication using the model of the communication behavior. For each communication, it is checked whether the respective at most three security values meet respective predetermined threshold values. When the respective predetermined threshold values are not met by at least one of the security values, a security warning is generated.

Abstract: A method, an intelligent switch, a device, and a network for recognizing deviations in communication behavior of the network are provided. Characteristics of communication are monitored and evaluated regarding security behavior of the network using a model of a communication behavior of the network. For each communication over a switch of the network, at most three security values are derived from communication metadata of the respective communication using the model of the communication behavior. For each communication, it is checked whether the respective at most three security values meet respective predetermined threshold values. When the respective predetermined threshold values are not met by at least one of the security values, a security warning is generated.

Abstract: A device for the contactless determination of an electrical potential of an object, has an electrode and a potential controller which is electrically connected to the electrode. The potential controller changes a reference potential applied to the electrode to a final value in such a way that an electric field between the object and the electrode disappears at the final value if the electrode is located at a distance from the object. The electrical potential is determined from the final value.

Abstract: A method for the contactless determination of an electrical potential of an object, involves providing an electrode which is spatially at a distance from the object, connecting the electrode to a reference potential, determining a first temporal change in an electrical state of charge of the electrode at a first value for the electric flux between the electrode and the object, determining a second temporal change in the electrical state of charge of the electrode at a second value for the electric flux between the electrode and the object, and determining the electrical potential of the object at least from the first temporal change in the electrical state of charge and the second temporal change in the electrical state of charge and from a difference between the first value and the second value for the electric flux.

Abstract: The electrical potential of an object is determined by providing a mechanically oscillating electrode located at a distance from the object and making the electrode mechanically oscillate. A change in a state of electric charge of the electrode over time and amplitudes of at least two frequency components during the change in the state of electric charge over time are determined. Based on the amplitudes, at least one parameter that forms part of the value of a capacitance of an arrangement formed by the electrode and the object is determined, so that the capacitance of the arrangement formed by the electrode and object can be determined based on the parameter. Finally, the electrical potential is determined from the change in the state of electric charge and the capacitance.

Abstract: A device for the contactless determination of an electrical potential of an object, has an electrode and a potential controller which is electrically connected to the electrode. The potential controller changes a reference potential applied to the electrode to a final value in such a way that an electric field between the object and the electrode disappears at the final value if the electrode is located at a distance from the object. The electrical potential is determined from the final value.

Abstract: A method for the contactless determination of an electrical potential of an object, involves providing an electrode which is spatially at a distance from the object, connecting the electrode to a reference potential, determining a first temporal change in an electrical state of charge of the electrode at a first value for the electric flux between the electrode and the object, determining a second temporal change in the electrical state of charge of the electrode at a second value for the electric flux between the electrode and the object, and determining the electrical potential of the object at least from the first temporal change in the electrical state of charge and the second temporal change in the electrical state of charge and from a difference between the first value and the second value for the electric flux.

Abstract: The electrical potential of an object is determined by providing a mechanically oscillating electrode located at a distance from the object and making the electrode mechanically oscillate. A change in a state of electric charge of the electrode over time and amplitudes of at least two frequency components during the change in the state of electric charge over time are determined. Based on the amplitudes, at least one parameter that forms part of the value of a capacitance of an arrangement formed by the electrode and the object is determined, so that the capacitance of the arrangement formed by the electrode and object can be determined based on the parameter. Finally, the electrical potential is determined from the change in the state of electric charge and the capacitance.

Abstract: A current measurement is implemented with the aid of magnetoresistive sensors or Hall sensors. The sensors are arranged on one or two printed circuit boards, which provide a passage when coupled to one another, through which passage an electrical line passes. The printed circuit boards can also be fitted retrospectively to electrical lines, with the result that the electrical lines need not be interrupted.

Abstract: A universally and flexibly applicable generator generates electrical energy from mechanical vibrations. The generator includes a mechanically vibrating system having a spring system and device for changing the mechanical tension of the spring system. A method for adjusting the resonant frequency of the generator allows electrical energy to be generated from mechanical vibrations.

Abstract: The invention relates to a vibration measurement system for frequency-selective oscillation measurement in particular of low frequencies as are relevant in the field of automation and drive technology. The invention proposes coupling a broadband transmitter structure, which is excited directly by the excitation signal to be determined, via an electrostatic or inductive force to a receiver structure. This force coupling results in amplitude modulation of a carrier signal exciting the receiver structure. The actual excitation signal can be extracted from the spectrum of the amplitude-modulated carrier signal, for example by suitably selecting the frequency of the carrier signal. In order to make an oscillation analysis possible which is as unsusceptible to interference possible, an interference signal brought about, for example, by connector excitations is largely eliminated in advance from the amplitude-modulated carrier signal.

Abstract: A vibration measuring system for the frequency-selective measuring of especially low-frequency vibrations relevant in the area of automation and motive power engineering is disclosed which allows an economical vibration analysis of frequencies in the range of from 0 to 1 kHz. For this purpose, a broad-band transmitting structure which is directly induced by the excitation signal to be determined is coupled to a receiving structure by an electrostatic or inductive force. This force coupling brings about an amplitude modulation of a carrier signal inducing the receiving structure. The spectrum of the amplitude-modulated carrier signal can then be used to extract the actual excitation signal, e.g. by suitably choosing the frequency of the carrier signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to an inductive rotating transmitter, comprising a fixed piece and a rotating piece, whereby the fixed piece and the rotating pierce have a common virtual rotational axis and the rotating piece rotates about the fixed piece. The data transmission is carried out over at least one data transmission path by means of at least one inductive element and the data transmission path is arranged outside the rotational axis of the rotating transmitter.

Abstract: The invention relates to a vibration measurement system for frequency-selective oscillation measurement in particular of low frequencies as are relevant in the field of automation and drive technology. The invention proposes coupling a broadband transmitter structure, which is excited directly by the excitation signal to be determined, via an electrostatic or inductive force to a receiver structure. This force coupling results in amplitude modulation of a carrier signal exciting the receiver structure. The actual excitation signal can be extracted from the spectrum of the amplitude-modulated carrier signal, for example by suitably selecting the frequency of the carrier signal. In order to make an oscillation analysis possible which is as unsusceptible to interference possible, an interference signal brought about, for example, by connector excitations is largely eliminated in advance from the amplitude-modulated carrier signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a vibration measuring system for the frequency-selective measuring of especially low-frequency vibrations such as they are relevant in the area of automation and motive power engineering. The aim of the invention is to provide a system which allows an economical vibration analysis of frequencies in the range of from 0 to 1 kHz. For this purpose, a broad-band transmitting structure which is directly induced by the excitation signal to be determined is coupled to a receiving structure by means of an electrostatic or inductive force. This force coupling brings about an amplitude modulation of a carrier signal inducing the receiving structure. The spectrum of the amplitude-modulated carrier signal can then be used to extract the actual excitation signal, e.g. by suitably choosing the frequency of the carrier signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to an inductive rotating transmitter, comprising a fixed piece and a rotating piece, whereby the fixed piece and the rotating pierce have a common virtual rotational axis and the rotating piece rotates about the fixed piece. The data transmission is carried out over at least one data transmission path by means of at least one inductive element and the data transmission path is arranged outside the rotational axis of the rotating transmitter.