Abstract: The invention relates to a general chemical method for the synthesis of biocompatible hybrid nanomaterials which can be used in the development of new-type enzyme based biosensors. A one-step facile method is presented, in which polyethylenimine (PEI) serves as both a reducing agent for the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) into reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and a biological matrix for accommodation of enzymes.

Abstract: A novel method to fabricate nanoscale pits on Au(111) surfaces in contact with aqueous solution is claimed. The method uses in situ electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy with independent electrochemical substrate and tip potential control and very small bias voltages. This is significantly different from other documented methods, which mostly apply high and short voltage pulses. The most important advantages of the present method are that the dimensions and positions of the pits can be controlled with high precision in aqueous environment so that nanopatterns of the pits can be designed, and that the operations are simple and require no instrumental accessories. Parameters, which control the pit formation and size, have been systematically characterized and show that the primary controlling parameter is the bias voltage. A mechanism based on local surface reconstruction induced by electronic contact between tip and substrate is in keeping with the overall patterns for pit formation.