Abstract: A multi-electron beam system that forms hundreds of beamlets can focus the beamlets, reduce Coulomb interaction effects, and improve resolutions of the beamlets. A Wien filter with electrostatic and magnetic deflection fields can separate the secondary electron beams from the 5 primary electron beams and can correct the astigmatism and source energy dispersion blurs for all the beamlets simultaneously.

Abstract: A method of making a photosynthetic bacteria variant which that can produce hydrogen in both day and night. In one embodiment hydrogen is produced in a light independent manner by adding pyruvate lyase and formate lyase complex to a photosynthetic strain of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. A preferred photosynthetic bacteria variant that can produce hydrogen in both day and night from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is KCTC 12085.