Abstract: A battery includes a cathode layer, a cathode current collector on the cathode layer, an anode layer on the cathode layer, an anode current collector on the anode layer, a separator between the cathode layer and the anode layer, and an electrolyte, wherein the cathode layer includes a plurality of crystal grains of a cathode active material and aligned in a first direction, and at least one groove formed in a direction perpendicular to an upper surface of the cathode layer that is in contact with the separator, and wherein a side surface of the cathode layer exposed by the at least one groove is aligned with a <101> crystal direction, a <hk0> crystal direction, wherein h and k are integers greater than or equal to 1, or a combination thereof, of the crystal grains of the cathode active material.

Abstract: An electrode structure includes: a base layer including a first active material; a plurality of active material plates, a plate of the plurality of active material plates including opposing side walls and a lower wall, wherein the lower wall is disposed on the base layer, wherein adjacent plates of the plurality of active material plates are spaced apart from each other, and wherein an active material plate of the plurality of active material plates includes a second active material; and a channel between adjacent plates of the plurality of active material plates, wherein the channel includes a first channel region defined by adjacent side walls of the adjacent plates, and a second channel region connected to the first channel region and defined by a lower wall of the adjacent plates and the base layer.

Abstract: An electrode structure includes a base layer including a first active material, and a plurality of active material plates on a first surface of the base layer and spaced apart from one another, the plurality of active material plates including a second active material. An active material density of the base layer is less than an active material density of an active material plate of the plurality of active material plates.

Abstract: A battery includes a cathode layer, a cathode current collector on the cathode layer, an anode layer on the cathode layer, an anode current collector on the anode layer, a separator between the cathode layer and the anode layer, and an electrolyte, wherein the cathode layer includes a plurality of crystal grains of a cathode active material and aligned in a first direction, and at least one groove formed in a direction perpendicular to an upper surface of the cathode layer that is in contact with the separator, and wherein a side surface of the cathode layer exposed by the at least one groove is aligned with a <101> crystal direction, a <hk0> crystal direction, wherein h and k are integers greater than or equal to 1, or a combination thereof, of the crystal grains of the cathode active material.

Abstract: An electrode structure includes a base layer including a first active material, and a plurality of active material plates on a first surface of the base layer and spaced apart from one another, the plurality of active material plates including a second active material. An active material density of the base layer is less than an active material density of an active material plate of the plurality of active material plates.

Abstract: An electrode for a secondary battery includes a current collector; and an active material structure on the current collector, the activate material structure including: at least one first high-density layer, and at least one second high-density layer, the at least one second high-density layer being further away from the current collector as compared to the at least one first high-density layer; and a low-density layer between the at least one first high-density layer and the at least one second high-density layer, wherein a thickness of the at least one second high-density layer is greater than a thickness of the at least one first high-density layer.

Abstract: A separator structure for a secondary battery includes: a porous substrate; an intermediate layer on the porous substrate and including lithium fluoride (LiF) and a defluorinated polymer; and a lithium metal layer on the intermediate layer. An anode-separator assembly for a secondary battery includes an anode comprising an anode current collector and an anode active material layer on a surface of the anode current collector, and the separator structure. A secondary battery includes the anode-separator assembly, and a cathode on the porous substrate of the anode-separator assembly.

Abstract: A cathode including: a cathode current collector; and a cathode active material layer disposed on the cathode current collector and including a first surface, and a second surface opposite the first surface and adjacent to the cathode current collector, wherein the cathode active material layer includes a cathode active material including a dopant, and wherein a concentration gradient of the dopant decreases in a direction from the first surface to the second surface.

Abstract: An electrode structure including an active material structure, the active material structure including a first active material plate having a plurality of first penetration holes extending in a thickness direction of the first active material plate; and a second active material plate stacked on a side of the first active material plate in a first direction, wherein the electrode structure is configured for use in a secondary battery.

Abstract: An electrode structure, a positive electrode and an electrochemical device including the same, and a method of preparing the electrode structure. The electrode structure includes a current collector; and an electrode active material layer on a surface of the current collector, wherein the electrode active material layer includes an electrode active material and an opening penetrating through the electrode active material layer; and a conductive layer comprising a conductive material and a binder on an inner surface of the opening, and wherein the content of the conductive material and the binder is 0.05% to 3% by weight on the basis of the total weight of the electrode active material layer.

Abstract: A secondary battery includes a negative electrode; a positive electrode including a plurality of positive electrode plates spaced apart from each other in a width direction, wherein a positive electrode plate of the plurality of positive electrode plates has a planar shape, and a channel between the plurality of positive electrode plates; an electrolyte material disposed in the channel between the plurality of positive electrode plates; a separation membrane between the negative electrode and the positive electrode; and a first metal layer disposed on a surface of the separation membrane facing the positive electrode.

Abstract: An active material structure includes first active material lines arranged in a first direction, second active material lines arranged in a second direction intersecting the first direction, and intermediate active material lines between the first active material lines and the second active material lines in a third direction intersecting the first direction and the second direction, the intermediate active material lines provided in overlapping regions of the first active material lines and the second active material lines, wherein the upper active material lines and the second active material lines are electrically connected by the intermediate active material lines.

Abstract: An electrochemical device including: a positive electrode current collector; a plurality of positive electrodes disposed on the positive electrode current collector; an electrolyte layer disposed on the plurality of positive electrodes; a negative electrode disposed on the electrolyte layer; and a negative electrode current collector disposed on the negative electrode, wherein the electrolyte layer includes a first electrolyte layer and a second electrolyte layer, and wherein the second electrolyte layer is between the first electrolyte layer and the negative electrode.

Abstract: An electrode structure includes: a current collector layer including a current collector including a feature, wherein the current collector is within the current collector layer, an active material layer provided on the current collector layer, and an adhesive pattern including an adhesive and disposed in the feature of the current collector, wherein the adhesive pattern extends between the current collector layer and the active material layer, and the active material layer is fixed on a top surface of the current collector layer by the adhesive pattern.

Abstract: A battery includes a cathode layer, a cathode current collector on the cathode layer, an anode layer on the cathode layer, an anode current collector on the anode layer, a separator between the cathode layer and the anode layer, and an electrolyte, wherein the cathode layer includes a plurality of crystal grains of a cathode active material and aligned in a first direction, and at least one groove formed in a direction perpendicular to an upper surface of the cathode layer that is in contact with the separator, and wherein a side surface of the cathode layer exposed by the at least one groove is aligned with a <101> crystal direction, a <hk0> crystal direction, wherein h and k are integers greater than or equal to 1, or a combination thereof, of the crystal grains of the cathode active material.

Abstract: A positive active material including: a core comprising a metal oxide, a non-metal oxide, or a combination thereof capable of intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions or sodium ions; and a non-conductive carbonaceous film including oxygen on at least one portion of a surface of the core; a lithium battery including the positive active material; and a method of manufacturing the positive active material.

Abstract: A battery changeable-type earbud includes a body from which an acoustic signal is provided to a user, including: a slot with which a battery of the earbud is removably disposed, and an inlet of the slot open at an outer surface of the body and through which the battery is removably disposed with the slot; and an insertion unit protruded from the body, which is insertable to an orifice of the user and through which the acoustic signal is provided from the body of the earbud to the orifice of the user.

Abstract: An electrode structure includes a base layer including a first active material, and a plurality of active material plates on a first surface of the base layer and spaced apart from one another, the plurality of active material plates including a second active material. An active material density of the base layer is less than an active material density of an active material plate of the plurality of active material plates.

Abstract: An electrode structure includes: a base layer including a first active material; a plurality of active material plates, a plate of the plurality of active material plates including opposing side walls and a lower wall, wherein the lower wall is disposed on the base layer, wherein adjacent plates of the plurality of active material plates are spaced apart from each other, and wherein an active material plate of the plurality of active material plates includes a second active material; and a channel between adjacent plates of the plurality of active material plates, wherein the channel includes a first channel region defined by adjacent side walls of the adjacent plates, and a second channel region connected to the first channel region and defined by a lower wall of the adjacent plates and the base layer.

Abstract: A secondary battery includes a substrate defining first and second through holes; a battery cell on the substrate and including a positive electrode, a separator and a negative electrode; an adhesive layer on the substrate and together with the substrate and the battery cell, removably attachable to an object outside of the secondary battery; a first electrode terminal including a first end electrically connected to the positive electrode and a second end which is opposite to the first end electrically connected to the positive electrode and exposed to the outside of the secondary battery at the first through hole; and a second electrode terminal including a first end electrically connected to the negative electrode and a second end which is opposite to the first end connected to the negative electrode and exposed to the outside of the secondary battery at the second through hole.