Abstract: A cooling system, including an outer casing, a chassis, a heat source, and a cooling unit, is provided. The outer casing has a first surface and includes a water inlet and a water outlet arranged on the first surface. The chassis is disposed in the outer casing. The heat source is disposed in the chassis. The cooling unit contacts the chassis and is configured to cool the heat source. A rack including the cooling system is also provided.

Abstract: A cooling system, including an outer casing, a chassis, a heat source, and a cooling unit, is provided. The outer casing has a first surface and includes a water inlet and a water outlet arranged on the first surface. The chassis is disposed in the outer casing. The heat source is disposed in the chassis. The cooling unit contacts the chassis and is configured to cool the heat source. A rack including the cooling system is also provided.

Abstract: This invention concerns a fluorometer preferably combined with a thermal cycler useful in biochemical protocols such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA melting curve analysis. The present fluorometer features a low heat-generating light source such as a light emitting diode (LED), having a one-to-one correspondence to each of a plurality of sample containers, such as capped PCR tubes in a standard titer tray. The fluorometer of the present invention further comprises an optical path between each LED and its correspondingly positioned container, and another optical path between each fluorescing sample within the positioned container and an optical signal sensing means. The instrument can be computer controlled.