Abstract: Example methods calibrate battery models in electric aircraft using closed-loop feedback. Test points gaps are received. The aircraft connects to ground support equipment (GSE) and is immobilized. Certain battery packs are selected for testing. Propellers are ramped to create power draws per a test plan while monitoring voltage, current, and temperature telemetry. Selective battery packs are activated to focus loads. Telemetry data is processed and stored. Rest periods allow battery temperature stabilization between test points. Additional packs are tested if needed. Battery models are updated by analyzing telemetry data. Overall, the method maintains customized, accurate battery models using lab testing and in-situ calibration with the GSE. Frequent and ongoing recalibration via closed-loop feedback replaces assumptions with observed data for high-fidelity state-of-health predictions throughout the battery lifetime.

Abstract: Examples relate to a battery management system with an enhanced equivalent circuit model (ECM) for electric vehicles, including electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. The system includes a memory to store an equivalent circuit model (ECM) configured to dynamically adjust a series resistance component in real-time based on operational data from a lithium-ion battery. This adjustment models lithium depletion effects under high discharge conditions. At least one processor is configured to continuously refine parameters of the ECM by analyzing discrepancies between predicted and actual battery performance, where the adjustments are based on real-time changes in state of charge, temperature, and current.

Abstract: Fail-safe systems and design methodologies for large capacity battery systems are disclosed. The disclosed systems and methodologies serve to locate a faulty cell in a large capacity battery, such as a cell having an internal short circuit, determine whether the fault is evolving, and electrically isolate the faulty cell from the rest of the battery, preventing further electrical energy from feeding into the fault.

Abstract: Fail-safe systems and design methodologies for large capacity battery systems are disclosed. The disclosed systems and methodologies serve to locate a faulty cell in a large capacity battery, such as a cell having an internal short circuit, determine whether the fault is evolving, and electrically isolate the faulty cell from the rest of the battery, preventing further electrical energy from feeding into the fault.