Abstract: A detecting method and detector expands the capabilities of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. A Rotational Exchange Gradient Imager (REGI) allows for real-time, in situ investigation of materials subjected to the effects of centrifugal force by NMR analysis. The REGI comprises a cylindrical stator formed of an electrically conductive, non-magnetic material, a rotor contained in the cylindrical stator formed of an electrically non-conductive, non-magnetic material, and a conductor located along a central axis of the cylindrical stator. A sample is contained within the rotor. The stator and central conductor serve to generate the RF magnetic field for NMR analysis. The rotor containing the sample is rotated within a stable air bearing formed between the cylindrical stator and rotor.

Abstract: Imaging apparatus are used in a toroid cavity detector for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis to hold samples relative to a principal detector element which is a flat metal conductor, the plane of which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the toroid cavity. A sample is held adjacent to or in contact with the principal detector element so that the sample can be subjected to NMR analysis when a static main homogeneous magnetic field (B0) produced by a NMR magnetic device is applied to the toroid cavity and an RF excitation signal pulse is supplied from a potentiostat to the principal detector element so that an alternately energized and de-energized magnetic field (B1) is produced in the sample and through the toroid cavity.

Abstract: A novel NMR principal detector element of the present invention comprises a NMR-active inductor in a radio frequency (RF) resonance circuit, and mitigates the distortions in a static magnetic field caused by the introduction of a toroid cavity NMR detector. The RF resonance circuit includes a novel principal detector element, capacitor elements, and a sample chamber (the cavity). The novel principal detector element defines the NMR active portion of the inductance of the electronic resonance circuit. In one embodiment of the invention, the novel principal detector element includes two hemispheres connected by a central rod. The central rod can be of any length and diameter, and the hemispheres can be of any diameter. A typical embodiment of the invention would include a rod that is 2 cm long having a diameter of 1 mm, and hemispheres having a diameter of 5 mm.

Abstract: A solid state ion conducting electrolyte and a battery incorporating same. The electrolyte includes a polymer matrix with an alkali metal salt dissolved therein, the salt having an anion with a long or branched chain having not less than 5 carbon or silicon atoms therein. The polymer is preferably a polyether and the salt anion is preferably an alkyl or silyl moiety of from 5 to about 150 carbon/silicon atoms.

Abstract: A novel NMR detector of the present invention comprises a radio frequency (RF) resonance circuit. The RF resonance circuit includes a principal detector element and a sample chamber. The principal detector element defines an inductor of the electronic resonance circuit. In one embodiment of the invention the sample chamber containing the inductor is a stainless steel sample chamber. The stainless steel sample chamber is a modified toroid cavity detector (TCD). The inductor is formed by an atomically flat metallic disk, such as, a mercury pool, with a predefined surface area, such as a surface area of 7.5 cm2. Liquid mercury is incorporated into a toroid cavity detector as the inductor of the resonance circuit, and as the base of the cavity. Self-assembled molecular structures (monolayers and multilayers) are formed using long-chain alkane thiols, which are known to chemically react with silver, gold, platinum, palladium, and mercury surfaces.

Abstract: A two dimensional B1-gradient NMR imager and methods for non-invasive spectroscopic investigations and imaging of the internal distribution and speciation of materials of fluid, solid, and semisolid objects in two spatial dimensions utilizing a toroid cavity detector. An RF signal transmitter/receiver generates a magnetic field B1 within the toroid cavity and receives a sample response to the magnetic fields B0 and B1. A pivot angle position controller adjusts a pivot angle position of the toroid cavity and enclosed sample to vary an angle between the magnetic field B0 and the central axis of said toroid cavity. A positional rotation controller positions the toroid cavity and enclosed sample at variable angular orientations relative to an initial position and a plane formed by the externally applied static main magnetic field B0 and the central axis of the toroid cavity. A computer sequentially receives and processes sample responses to produce a two-dimensional image.

Abstract: A detecting method and detector expands the capabilities of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. A Rotational Exchange Gradient Imager (REGI) allows for real-time, in situ investigation of materials subjected to the effects of centrifugal force by NMR analysis. The REGI comprises a cylindrical stator formed of an electrically conductive, non-magnetic material, a rotor contained in the cylindrical stator formed of an electrically non-conductive, non-magnetic material, and a conductor located along a central axis of the cylindrical stator. A sample is contained within the rotor. The stator and central conductor serve to generate the RF magnetic field for NMR analysis. The rotor containing the sample is rotated within a stable air bearing formed between the cylindrical stator and rotor.

Abstract: A two dimensional B1-gradient NMR imager and methods for non-invasive spectroscopic investigations and imaging of the internal distribution and speciation of materials of fluid, solid, and semisolid objects in two spatial dimensions utilizing a toroid cavity detector. An RF signal transmitter/receiver generates a magnetic field B1 within the toroid cavity and receives a sample response to the magnetic fields B0 and B1. A pivot angle position controller adjusts a pivot angle position of the toroid cavity and enclosed sample to vary an angle between the magnetic field B0 and the central axis of said toroid cavity. A positional rotation controller positions the toroid cavity and enclosed sample at variable angular orientations relative to an initial position and a plane formed by the externally applied static main magnetic field B0 and the central axis of the toroid cavity. A computer sequentially receives and processes sample responses to produce a two-dimensional image.

Abstract: Imaging apparatus are used in a toroid cavity detector for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis to hold samples relative to a principal detector element which is a flat metal conductor, the plane of which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the toroid cavity. A sample is held adjacent to or in contact with the principal detector element so that the sample can be subjected to NMR analysis when a static main homogeneous magnetic field (B0) produced by a NMR magnetic device is applied to the toroid cavity and an RF excitation signal pulse is supplied from a potentiostat to the principal detector element so that an alternately energized and de-energized magnetic field (B1) is produced in the sample and through the toroid cavity.

Abstract: Imaging apparatus are used in a toroid cavity detector for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis to hold samples relative to a principal detector element which is a flat metal conductor, the plane of which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the toroid cavity. A sample is held adjacent to or in contact with the principal detector element so that the sample can be subjected to NMR analysis when a static main homogeneous magnetic field (B0) produced by a NMR magnetic device is applied to the toroid cavity and an RF excitation signal pulse is supplied from a potentiostat to the principal detector element so that an alternately energized and de-energized magnetic field (B1) is produced in the sample and through the toroid cavity.

Abstract: A toroid cavity detector includes an outer cylindrical housing through which extends a wire along the central axis of the cylindrical housing from a closed bottom portion to the closed top end of the cylindrical housing. In order to analyze a sample placed in the housing, the housing is placed in an externally applied static main homogeneous magnetic field (B0). An RF current pulse is supplied through the wire such that an alternately energized and de-energized magnetic field (B1) is produced in the toroid cavity which B1 field is oriented perpendicular to the B0 field. Following the RF current pulse, the response of the sample to the applied B0 field is detected and analyzed. In order to minimize the detrimental effect of probe ringing, the cylindrically shaped housing is elongated sufficiently in length so that the top and bottom portions are located in weaker, fringe areas of the static main magnetic B0 field.

Abstract: An apparatus, near-electrode imager, for employing nuclear magnetic resonance imaging to provide in situ measurements of electrochemical properties of a sample as a function of distance from a working electrode. The near-electrode imager uses the radio frequency field gradient within a cylindrical toroid cavity resonator to provide high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectral information on electrolyte materials.

Abstract: A toroid cavity detection system for determining the spectral properties and distance from a fixed point for a sample using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The detection system consists of a toroid with a central conductor oriented along the main axis of the toroidal cylinder and perpendicular to a static uniform magnetic field oriented along the main axis of the toroid. An rf signal is inputted to the central conductor to produce a magnetic field perpendicular to the central axis of the toroid and whose field strength varies as the inverse of the radius of the toroid. The toroid cavity detection system can be used to encapsulate a sample, or the detection system can be perforated to allow a sample to flow into the detection device or to place the samples in specified sample tubes. The central conductor can also be coated to determine the spectral property of the coating and the coating thickness.

Abstract: A method of olefin hydroformylation is provided wherein an olefin reacts with a carbonyl catalyst and with reaction gases such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a supercritical reaction solvent, such as carbon dioxide. The invention provides higher yields of n-isomer product without the gas-liquid mixing rate limitation seen in conventional Oxo processes using liquid media.

Abstract: A nuclear magnetic resonance probe to measure the properties of a sample under high pressure conditions. The apparatus employs a free standing, elongated toroidal coil as the RF transmitter and receiver.

Abstract: A process and system for the production of the lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and propanol involves the reaction of carbon monoxide and water in the presence of a lead salt and an alkali metal formate catalyst combination. The lead salt is present as solid particles such as lead titanate, lead molybdate, lead vanadate, lead zirconate, lead tantalate and lead silicates coated or in slurry within molten alkali metal formate. The reactants, carbon monoxide and steam are provided in gas form at relatively low pressures below 100 atmospheres and at temperatures of 200-400.degree. C. The resulted lower alcohols can be separated into boiling point fractions and recovered from the excess reactants by distillation.

Abstract: Ethanol is selectively produced from the reaction of methanol with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a transition metal carbonyl catalyst. Methanol serves as a solvent and may be accompanied by a less volatile co-solvent. The solution includes the transition metal carbonyl catalysts and a basic metal salt such as an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal formate, carbonate or bicarbonate. A gas containing a high carbon monoxide to hydrogen ratio, as is present in a typical gasifer product, is contacted with the solution for the preferential production of ethanol with minimal water as a byproduct. Fractionation of the reaction solution provides substantially pure ethanol product and allows return of the catalysts for reuse.

Abstract: Coal liquid having a dissolved transition metal, catalyst as a carbonyl complex such as Co.sub.2 (CO.sub.8) is hydrogenated with hydrogen gas or a hydrogen donor. A dissociating solvent contacts the coal liquid during hydrogenation to form an immiscible liquid mixture at a high carbon monoxide pressure. The dissociating solvent, e.g. ethylene glycol, is of moderate coordinating ability, while sufficiently polar to solvate the transition metal as a complex cation along with a transition metal, carbonyl anion in solution at a decreased carbon monoxide pressure. The carbon monoxide pressure is reduced and the liquids are separated to recover the hydrogenated coal liquid as product. The dissociating solvent with the catalyst in ionized form is recycled to the hydrogenation step at the elevated carbon monoxide pressure for reforming the catalyst complex within fresh coal liquid.

Abstract: A one-step method of manufacturing soluble phthalocyanines and metallophthalocyanines, like zinc phthalocyanine, by converting a phthalocyanine or a metallophthalocyanine to a trialkylsilyl-substituted derivative is disclosed. The phthalocyanine or metallophthalocyanine is converted to a soluble trialkylsilyl-substituted derivative by interacting the phthalocyanine or metallophthalocyanine with an active metal amide, like lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide, and a halotrialkylsilane, like chlorotrimethylsilane, to provide a phthalocyanine compound, like phthalocyanine monomers, dimers or polymers, metalated or unmetalated, that are soluble in organic media.