Abstract: A thermal mass flow controller includes a sensor assembly, a valve assembly, and a mass flow controller housing. A thermally conductive element conducts heat from the valve assembly away from the sensor assembly, thereby reducing uncontrolled contributions of heat to the sensor assembly.

Abstract: A thermal mass flow controller includes a sensor assembly and mass flow controller housing. A thermal ground limits the conductive thermal path between the mass flow controller housing and the sensor assembly and, due to the limited cross-section of the thermal ground, substantially eliminates externally imposed thermal gradients within the sensor assembly.

Abstract: A thermal mass flow controller includes a sensor assembly, a valve assembly, and mass flow controller housing. A thermal ground limits the conductive thermal path between the mass flow controller housing and the sensor assembly and, due to the limited cross-section of the thermal ground, substantially eliminates externally imposed thermal gradients within the sensor assembly. The controller also includes a thermally dissipative element that conducts thermal energy along a path from the valve assembly away from the sensor assembly.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus and method for measuring power in a bicycle are described. The hub of the driven wheel of the bicycle includes one or more components such as an inner hub member, an outer hub member or a linking member which couple the rotational torque through the wheel to rotate the wheel. A sensor such as one or more strain gauges is mounted on one of the components that couple torque through the wheel such that strain in the torque coupling component is detected. The detected strain is used to determine applied torque which is used to determine power applied to the driven wheel of the bicycle. Because the torque coupling component is mounted in the hub in the path along which torque is coupled through the wheel, the sensor rotates with the wheel as it detects the applied torque.