Abstract: Described here are systems, devices, and methods of renal replacement therapy. In some variations, a continuous ambulatory dialysis device may comprise a first fluid conduit configured to receive a fluid from a patient, a second fluid conduit configured to output the fluid to the patient, and an electroosmotic pump configured to pump and filter the fluid. The electroosmotic pump may be coupled between the first fluid conduit and the second fluid conduit. The electroosmotic pump may comprise a first electrode configured to adsorb urea in the fluid, a second electrode, and a porous substrate coupled therebetween.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus boiling and condensing liquid coolant has a vessel including a microporous surface enhancement coating applied on a thermally-conductive plate which is fully immersed under the liquid coolant in the vessel. The surface enhancement coating augments significantly a nucleate boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux when receiving heat from a heating object coupled to the thermally-conductive plate at a surface outside of the vessel. One embodiment of this invention including a vessel with a height/length dimension less than 300 mm, a microporous coating with nickel particles of 30-50 ?m in size bonded by a thermally-conductive binder, and water as the liquid coolant, without complicated radiator component, is used for cooling a heating electronics element.