Abstract: Electrochemical conversion cells including membrane electrode assemblies, devices including such electrochemical conversion cells, and methods for making membrane electrode assembles are provided. A method includes continuously coating a first electrode material directly onto a roll of an initial first substrate to form a first electrode coating thereon; continuously coating a second electrode material directly onto a roll of a second substrate to form a second electrode coating thereon; continuously coating a membrane material onto at least one of the first electrode coating and the second electrode coating to form a membrane coating thereon; joining the first electrode coating, membrane coating, and second electrode coating in a stack with the membrane coating located between the first electrode coating and the second electrode coating; and bonding a final first substrate to the first electrode coating.