Abstract: Methods for generating one or more atmospheric pressure plasma jets that can be used to deposit various types of conductive traces, coatings, and micro/nano-sized particles/structures on two or three dimensional body surfaces. The method includes generating atmospheric pressure plasma, nebulizing a precursor to generate an aerosol; receiving the aerosol from the nebulizer in a chamber; mixing the atmospheric pressure plasma with the aerosol from the chamber at a nozzle; and printing the plasma-exposed aerosol onto the surface of a substrate.

Abstract: A general methodology for the development of sensitive and selective sensors that can achieve a low cost detection of glucose without using enzymes is disclosed. The method uses carbon nanofiber (CNF) array electrodes for the electrochemical detection of glucose. CNFs grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with diameters ranging from 13-160 nm and a height of approximately one micrometer are preferred. The CNFs have a sensitivity of 2.7 ?A/mM cm2 and detection limit of 2 mM. Also provided are methods of preparing the CNF sensors and kit components. Methods of using such CNF sensors for detecting target agents, particularly glucose, are also provided.

Abstract: A method may include selecting a target level of porosity associated with a graphene trace of an electrochemical sensor, the target level of porosity between 3% and 24%. The method may further include selecting a concentration and a viscosity of a graphene ink based on the target level of porosity. The method may also include selecting at least one printing parameter and at least one sintering parameter based on the target level of porosity. The method may include printing the graphene ink onto a substrate using the number of print passes to form the graphene trace having the target level of porosity. A system may include a substrate and a printed graphene trace having a porosity of between 3% and 24% printed onto the substrate, where the graphene trace defines at least a portion of an electrochemical sensor.

Abstract: A general methodology for the development of sensitive and selective sensors that can achieve a low cost detection of glucose without using enzymes is disclosed. The method uses carbon nanofiber (CNF) array electrodes for the electrochemical detection of glucose. CNFs grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with diameters ranging from 13-160 nm and a height of approximately one micrometer are preferred. The CNFs have a sensitivity of 2.7 ?A/mM cm2 and detection limit of 2 mM. Also provided are methods of preparing the CNF sensors and kit components. Methods of using such CNF sensors for detecting target agents, particularly glucose, are also provided.