Abstract: A light-emitting element includes a first end portion and a second end portion disposed in a length direction of the light-emitting element, a first electrode corresponding to the first end portion, a first semiconductor layer on the first electrode, an active layer on the first semiconductor layer, a second semiconductor layer on the active layer, and a second electrode on the second semiconductor layer and corresponding to the second end portion. The second electrode includes a first layer on the first semiconductor layer, and a second layer on the first layer. The first semiconductor layer includes a p-type semiconductor layer doped with a p-type dopant. The second semiconductor layer includes an n-type semiconductor layer doped with an n-type dopant. The first electrode is in ohmic contact with the first semiconductor layer. The second electrode is in ohmic contact with the second semiconductor layer.

Abstract: According to at least one example embodiment, a substrate treating apparatus includes a substrate support structure including a spin head, the substrate support structure configured to support a substrate, and rotate the substrate, at least one treating liquid recovery container configured to recover at least one substrate treating liquid, and a discharging device including a first nozzle and a second nozzle, the first nozzle configured to discharge a chemical onto the substrate, and the second nozzle configured to discharge deionized water onto the substrate, wherein the first nozzle includes a surface pattern configured to provide roughness on an inner surface of the first nozzle.

Abstract: A cylindrical secondary battery module includes: a plurality of cylindrical secondary battery cells respectively having a battery case in which an electrode assembly and an electrolyte are accommodated; a cell frame at which the plurality of cylindrical secondary battery cells are disposed; and a lid coupled to the cell frame and having a flame outlet. The cell frame includes: a plurality of plate members bent and coupled to intersect each other; and a space formed between the plurality of plate members so that the cylindrical secondary battery cells are disposed therein.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device comprises a substrate including a first source/drain region and a second source/drain region, a trench between the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region and formed in the substrate, a cell gate insulating layer on sidewalls and a bottom surface of the trench, a cell gate electrode on the cell gate insulating layer, a work function control pattern on the cell gate electrode, including N-type impurities and a cell gate capping pattern on the work function control pattern. The work function control pattern includes a semiconductor material. The work function control pattern includes a first region and a second region between the first region and the cell gate electrode. A concentration of the N-type impurities in the first region is greater than a concentration of the N-type impurities in the second region.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a decoding method and apparatus and an encoding method and apparatus for deriving an intra-prediction mode. An intra-prediction mode may be derived using a method for deriving an intra-prediction mode based on a neighbor block of the target block, a method for deriving an intra-prediction mode using signaling of the intra-prediction mode of the target block, or a method for deriving an adaptive intra-prediction mode based on the type of a target slice. An MPM list may be used to derive the intra-prediction mode, and a temporal neighbor block or the like may be used to configure the MPM list.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method is provided. An image decoding method of the present invention may comprise deriving an intra-prediction mode of a current luma block, deriving an intra-prediction mode of a current chroma block based on the intra-prediction mode of the current luma block, generating a prediction block of the current chroma block based on the intra-prediction mode of the current chroma block, and the deriving of an intra-prediction mode of a current chroma block may comprise determining whether or not CCLM (Cross-Component Linear Mode) can be performed for the current chroma block.

Abstract: A multilayer capacitor includes a body including a multilayer structure in which a plurality of dielectric layers are stacked in a first direction and a plurality of internal electrodes stacked with the dielectric layer interposed therebetween and external electrodes formed outside the body and connected to the internal electrodes. The body includes an active portion and a side margin portion covering the active portion and opposing each other in a second direction, and 1<A2/M1?1.5 and A2<A1 in which A1 is an average grain size of the dielectric layers in a central region of the active portion, A2 is an average grain size of the dielectric layers at an active boundary part of the active portion adjacent to the side margin portion, and M1 is an average grain size of the dielectric layers in a central region of the side margin portion.

Abstract: Provided is a photoreceptor having an appropriate surface frictional force that enables a cleaning angle, at which the slipping between the surface of the photoreceptor surface and the blade is prevented and the overturning and vibrating of the blade are prevented, to be easily obtained.

Abstract: Provided is a photoreceptor having an appropriate surface frictional force that enables a cleaning angle, at which the slipping between the surface of the photoreceptor surface and the blade is prevented and the overturning and vibrating of the blade are prevented, to be easily obtained.

Abstract: Provided is a laminate type electrophotographic photoreceptor including an electrically conductive substrate, and an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer sequentially disposed on the electrically conductive substrate, in which a characteristic response time of the photoreceptor is about 10 msec or more and about 85 msec or less and a thickness of the charge transport layer is greater than about 18 ?m and equal to or less than about 45 ?m. Also, an electrophotographic image forming apparatus and an electrophotographic cartridge using the electrophotographic photoreceptor are provided. An electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present general inventive concept has an improved response time and thus, charge stain characteristics are excellent even when a thick charge transport layer is selected.

Abstract: Provided is a laminate type electrophotographic photoreceptor including an electrically conductive substrate, and an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer sequentially disposed on the electrically conductive substrate, in which a characteristic response time of the photoreceptor is about 10 msec or more and about 85 msec or less and a thickness of the charge transport layer is greater than about 18 ?m and equal to or less than about 45 ?m. Also, an electrophotographic image forming apparatus and an electrophotographic cartridge using the electrophotographic photoreceptor are provided. An electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present general inventive concept has an improved response time and thus, charge stain characteristics are excellent even when a thick charge transport layer is selected.

Abstract: The disclosure provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor and an electrophotographic imaging apparatus including the photoreceptor, wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor comprises: a conductive substrate; a charge generating layer formed on the conductive substrate; a charge transport layer formed on the charge generating layer; and an overcoat layer formed on the charge transport layer, wherein the ratio (R2/R1) of the surface resistance value (R2) of the overcoat layer to the surface resistance value (R1) of the charge transport layer is from about 0.01 to about 1.5.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor and an electrophotographic imaging apparatus using the same, the electrophotographic photoreceptor including a diphenoquinone including an oxadiazolene group represented by Formula 1 below as an electron transporting material in a single-layered type photosensitive layer or in a charge generating layer of a laminated type photosensitive layer: wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a C1-C20 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a C1-C20 substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a C7-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, and a sulfonic acid group. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has excellent electrical properties, such as high charge potential and high charge potential stability during repetitive use.

Abstract: A laminated type electrophotographic photoreceptor including an electrically conductive substrate and a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer disposed on the electrically conductive substrate, wherein the charge transporting layer includes a naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide derivative represented by Formula 1 below, and an electrophotographic imaging apparatus including the electrophotographic photoreceptor

Abstract: A two-layered electrophotographic photoreceptor is formed. The two-layered electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an electrically conductive substrate and a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer form on the electrically conductive substrate, wherein the charge generating layer is a naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide derivative represented by: The two-layered electrophotographic photoreceptor has high photosensitivity and low residual potential.

Abstract: A two-layered electrophotographic photoreceptor is formed. The two-layered electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an electrically conductive substrate and a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer form on the electrically conductive substrate, wherein the charge generating layer is a naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide derivative represented by: The two-layered electrophotographic photoreceptor has high photosensitivity and low residual potential.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an electrophotographic photoreceptor, and an electrophotographic cartridge and an electrophotographic imaging apparatus including the electrophotographic photoreceptor. The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes: an electrically conductive substrate; a charge generating layer formed on the electrically conductive substrate and comprising ?-oxo-gallium phthalocyanine dimer as a charge generating material dispersed in a binder resin; and a charge transporting layer formed on the charge generating layer. The charge transporting layer includes a charge transporting material and a binder resin. The charge transporting material is a combination of (1) a butadiene-based amine compound and a hydrazone compound and (2) a combination of a first benzidine compound and a second benzidine compound. The amount of the charge transporting material is 5-200 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin of the charge transporting layer.