Abstract: A cartridge is attached to or detached from a main body of an image forming apparatus that has an opening portion and a door that opens or closes the opening portion. The cartridge includes: a memory unit with a contact portion via which the cartridge is connected to the main body to transmit information of the cartridge to the main body; and a moving member on which the contact portion is mounted, wherein the moving member is moved to a first position where the contact portion is hidden inside the cartridge and a second position where the contact portion protrudes out of the cartridge to be connected to a connection portion provided in the main body, the moving member being moved to the second position in connection with closing of the door.

Abstract: A toner cartridge and an electrophotographic image forming apparatus are provided. The toner cartridge attachable to, or detachable from a main body of an image forming apparatus includes a toner containing unit, a waste toner containing unit that is disposed below the toner containing unit in a gravitational direction and comprises a waste toner inlet through which waste toner flows, a first waste toner transporting member that transports the waste toner from the waste toner inlet in a length direction of the waste toner containing unit, and a second waste toner transporting member that transports the waste toner that is transported in the length direction of the waste toner containing unit in a width direction of the waste toner containing unit to disperse the waste toner in an inner portion of the waste toner containing unit, wherein a rotational center of the second waste toner transporting member is lower than a rotational center of the first waste toner transporting member.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus may include a toner supply unit comprising a toner containing unit and a toner discharging unit having a toner outlet; a photoreceptor unit comprising a photoreceptor; a development unit comprising a development roller that supplies toner to develop the electrostatic latent image on the photoreceptor and a supply roller that supplies toner to the development roller; a first toner supply member that supplies toner of the toner containing unit to the toner discharging unit; and a second toner supply member that transports toner of the toner discharging unit to the toner outlet, wherein the first toner supply member is located in a second quadrant from among first through fourth quadrants based on a vertical line and a horizontal line which intersect at the second toner supply member, and wherein the photoreceptor, the supply roller, and the development roller are located in the fourth quadrant.

Abstract: A method for producing a film, the method comprising melting a layer of precursor particles on a substrate until at least a portion of the melted particles are planarized and merged to produce the film. The invention is also directed to a method for producing a photovoltaic film, the method comprising depositing particles having a photovoltaic or other property onto a substrate, and affixing the particles to the substrate, wherein the particles may or may not be subsequently melted. Also described herein are films produced by these methods, methods for producing a patterned film on a substrate, and methods for producing a multilayer structure.

Abstract: A cartridge is attached to or detached from a main body of an image forming apparatus that has an opening portion and a door that opens or closes the opening portion. The cartridge includes: a memory unit with a contact portion via which the cartridge is connected to the main body to transmit information of the cartridge to the main body; and a moving member on which the contact portion is mounted, wherein the moving member is moved to a first position where the contact portion is hidden inside the cartridge and a second position where the contact portion protrudes out of the cartridge to be connected to a connection portion provided in the main body, the moving member being moved to the second position in connection with closing of the door.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a semiconductor apparatus includes setting a semiconductor substrate in a process chamber, increasing an internal temperature of the process chamber to a predetermined temperature for pyrolyzing a source gas, supplying the source gas to the inside of the process chamber and pyrolyzing ions of the source gas to remain on the semiconductor substrate, and forming the ohmic contact layer by supplying a reaction gas to the inside of the process chamber, wherein the reaction gas is reacted with non-metal ions pyrolyzed from source gas.

Abstract: A cartridge that is attached to or detached from a main body of an image forming apparatus. The cartridge includes a memory unit that includes a contact portion via which the cartridge is connected to the main body and is connected to the main body to transmit information of the cartridge to the main body. The contact portion is moved to a first position at which the contact portion is hidden inside the cartridge and a second position at which the contact portions is protruded out of the cartridge to be connected to a connection portion provided in the main body.

Abstract: A cartridge that is attached to or detached from a main body of an image forming apparatus, including: a memory unit that includes a contact portion via which the cartridge is connected to the main body and that is connected to the main body to transmit information of the cartridge to the main body; and a moving member on which the contact portion is mounted, wherein the moving unit is moved to a second position where the contact portion is protruded out of the cartridge in order to be connected to a connection portion provided in the main body and a first position that is hidden inside the cartridge.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for producing metal oxide nanoparticles, the method comprising: (i) subjecting a combination of reaction components to conditions conducive to microbial-mediated formation of metal oxide nanoparticles, wherein said combination of reaction components comprise: metal-reducing microbes, a culture medium suitable for sustaining said metal-reducing microbes, an effective concentration of one or more surfactants, a reducible metal oxide component containing one or more reducible metal species, and one or more electron donors that provide donatable electrons to said metal-reducing microbes during consumption of the electron donor by said metal-reducing microbes; and (ii) isolating said metal oxide nanoparticles, which contain a reduced form of said reducible metal oxide component. The invention is also directed to metal oxide nanoparticle compositions produced by the inventive method.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus and development cartridge are provided. The apparatus including a separating member mounted in a development cartridge. The separating member includes a development nip separating portion and a charging nip separating portion respectively separating a development nip and a charging nip when the development cartridge is mounted in a mounting portion of a photoreceptor cartridge mounted in a body.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus and a development cartridge are provided. The electrophotographic image forming apparatus includes a body including an opening, a photoreceptor cartridge attached to, or detached from, the body through the opening, a photoconductive drum and a mounting portion, a development cartridge attached to, or detached from, the mounting portion through the opening while the photoreceptor cartridge is mounted in the body, a development roller supplying toner to an electrostatic latent image formed on the photoconductive drum, a cover for opening or closing the opening, and a pressurizing unit fixing the development cartridge to the mounting portion by providing a pressing force to the development cartridge in a direction parallel to a center line connecting centers of the photoconductive drum and development roller while the opening is closed.

Abstract: A method of forming a metal gallate spinel structure that includes mixing a divalent metal-containing salt and a gallium-containing salt in solution with fermentative or thermophilic bacteria. In the process, the bacteria nucleate metal gallate spinel nano-objects from the divalent metal-containing salt and the gallium-containing salt without requiring reduction of a metal in the solution. The metal gallate spinel structures, as well as light-emitting structures in which they are incorporated, are also described.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus including first and second developing devices to develop electrostatic latent images formed on first and second photosensitive bodies, each of the first and second developing devices comprise a first toner containing unit to contain a toner, the second developing device further including a second toner containing unit that is connected to the first toner containing unit by a connecting unit.

Abstract: A variable resistance memory device that includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a variable resistance layer interposed between the first electrode and a second electrode. A metal oxide electrode is interposed between the first electrode and the variable resistance layer, and the metal oxide electrode does not include a nitrogen constituent.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for producing metal oxide particles, the method comprising subjecting non-oxide metal-containing particles to an oxidation step that converts the non-oxide metal-containing particles to said metal oxide particles. The invention is also directed to the resulting metal oxide compositions. In particular embodiments, non-oxide precursor particles are produced by microbial means, and the produced non-oxide precursor particles subjected to oxidation conditions under elevated temperature conditions (e.g., by a thermal pulse) to produce metal oxide particles or a metal oxide film.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for producing metal-containing (e.g., non-oxide, oxide, or elemental) nano-objects, which may be nanoparticles or nanowires, the method comprising contacting an aqueous solution comprising a metal salt and water with an electrically powered electrode to form said metal-containing nano-objects dislodged from the electrode, wherein said electrode possesses a nanotextured surface that functions to confine the particle growth process to form said metal-containing nano-objects. The invention is also directed to the resulting metal-containing compositions as well as devices in which they are incorporated.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for producing metal-containing particles, the method comprising subjecting an aqueous solution comprising a metal salt, Eh, lowering reducing agent, pH adjusting agent, and water to conditions that maintain the Eh value of the solution within the bounds of an Eh-pH stability field corresponding to the composition of the metal-containing particles to be produced, and producing said metal-containing particles in said aqueous solution at a selected Eh value within the bounds of said Eh-pH stability field. The invention is also directed to the resulting metal-containing particles as well as devices in which they are incorporated.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus having an improved configuration to prevent foreign substances from accumulating on a space maintaining member used to maintain a constant distance between a photoconductor and a developer delivery member. The image forming apparatus includes a photoconductor, a developer delivery member to deliver and feed developer to the photoconductor, a cleaning member to remove the developer and foreign substances remaining on a surface of the photoconductor while coming into contact with the photoconductor, and a space maintaining member arranged to come into contact with the photoconductor so as to maintain a constant developing gap or developing nip between the photoconductor and the developer delivery member. The space maintaining member is located between both ends of the cleaning member.