Abstract: A virtual anatomical structure can be analyzed to determine enclosing three-dimensional boundaries of features therein. Various techniques can be used to determine tissue types in the virtual anatomical structure. For example, tissue types can be determined via an iso-boundary between lumen and air in the virtual anatomical structure and a fuzzy clustering approach. Based on the tissue type determination, a deformable model approach can be used to determine an enclosing three-dimensional boundary of a feature in the virtual anatomical structure. The enclosing three-dimensional boundary can be used to determine characteristics of the feature and classify it as of interest or not of interest.

Abstract: In a process for oxidizing carbon monoxide with oxygen to carbon dioxide using a composition comprising platinum and iron, a process of at least partially regenerating the composition is disclosed.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process comprising contacting a hydrocarbon stream such as, for example, gasoline, with a catalyst composition to effect the conversion of the hydrocarbon to olefins and C6 to C8 aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylenes. The catalyst composition comprises a zeolite, a promoter and optionally a binder.

Abstract: A catalyst composition and a process of using a catalyst composition for preparing high molecular weight hydrocarbons, such as polymethylene, from a fluid containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide are disclosed. The catalyst composition contains ruthenium and zirconium. The zirconium can be present as a zirconium component that can be selected from zirconyl phosphate, zirconium oxide, and zirconium phosphate prepared by processes of the present invention.

Abstract: A catalyst and process for converting carbon dioxide into oxygenates. The catalyst comprises copper, zinc, aluminum, gallium, and a solid acid.

Abstract: A catalyst composition and a process of using a catalyst composition for preparing high molecular weight hydrocarbons, such as polymethylene, from a fluid containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide are disclosed. The catalyst composition contains ruthenium and a treated silica support component. The treated silica support component is prepared by a process including contacting a silica support component, such as silicon dioxide, and a treating agent, such as a silicon-containing compound.

Abstract: A catalyst and process for converting carbon dioxide into oxygenates. The catalyst comprises copper, zinc, aluminum, gallium, and a solid acid.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of syngas by contact of syngas under conversion conditions with catalyst having as components zinc oxide, copper oxide, aluminum oxide, Y zeolite and clay in which (A) in a one step process for conversion of syngas to dimethyl ether, the catalyst has as components an extruded mixture of zinc oxide, copper oxide, gamma aluminum oxide, Y zeolite and clay; (B) in a two step process for conversion of syngas to light olefins, a catalyst system is employed that has in the first step a catalyst mixture of zinc oxide, copper oxide, aluminum oxide, Y zeolite and clay and the catalyst employed in the second step is SAPO-34; SAPO-34 modified with lanthanum(III) nitrate hexahydrate; SAPO-34 modified with magnesium nitrate hexahydrate; SAPO-34 modified with tributyl borate or SAPO-34 modified with triethyl phosphate or (C) in a two step process for conversion of syngas to light olefins, the pressure on the effluent from the contact of syngas with a mixture of zinc oxide, copper oxide, aluminum

Abstract: A catalyst including a metal material and alumina, and a method of preparing such catalyst composition, are disclosed. A catalyst including a metal material, alumina, and thallium, and a method of preparing such catalyst composition are also disclosed. Each of these thus-obtained catalysts can be used for the conversion of synthesis gas into olefins.

Abstract: A catalyst and process for converting carbon dioxide into oxygenates. The catalyst comprises copper, zinc, aluminum, gallium, and a solid acid.

Abstract: A catalyst system comprising a silicoaluminophosphate impregnated with a compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, boric acid, tributyltin acetate, and combinations of any two or more thereof, and a method of preparing such catalyst system, are disclosed. The thus-obtained catalyst system is employed as a catalyst in the conversion of a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising oxygenated hydrocarbons to olefins and/or ethers.

Abstract: A catalyst composition, a process for producing the composition, and a hydrotreating process for converting a hydrocarbon stream such as, for example, gasoline, to olefins and C6 to C8 aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylenes are disclosed. The catalyst composition comprises a zeolite and a promoter. The process for producing the composition comprises the steps: (1) combining a zeolite with a promoter under a condition sufficient to incorporate the zeolite with the promoter to produce a first promoted zeolite; (2) incorporating the first promoted zeolite with a second promoter to produce a second promoted zeolite; and (3) heating the second promoted zeolite. The hydrotreating process comprises contacting a hydrocarbon stream with the catalyst composition under a condition sufficient to effect the conversion of a hydrocarbon to an olefin and a C6 to C8 aromatic hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A method of increasing total diluent conversion in a process for the conversion of cracked gasoline and a first diluent comprising iso-pentane to aromatics and light olefins by contacting the cracked gasoline, the first diluent and a second diluent comprising either propane or 1-hexene with a zeolite catalyst containing phosphorus. The zeolite catalyst comprises a calcined, acid-leached zeolite and phosphorus. Also described is a method of making such catalyst.

Abstract: A process in which a hydrocarbon feedstock containing non-aromatics is passed consecutively through a catalyst arrangement of two catalyst compositions, (1) a steam treated zinc-promoted zeolite and (2) a zeolite that has been subjected to a heat treatment, under hydrocarbon conversion conditions to yield a product containing lower olefins and BTX. An arrangement of two catalyst compositions, (1) a steam treated zinc-promoted zeolite and (2) a zeolite that has been subjected to a heat treatment, for consecutive contact with a hydrocarbon feedstock.

Abstract: A composition, a process for producing the composition, and a hydrocarbon conversion process for converting a hydrocarbon stream such as, for example, gasoline, to olefins and C6 to C8 aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylenes are disclosed. The composition comprises a silylated catalyst which comprises a zeolite, a clay or silica, and a promoter. The process for producing the composition comprises the steps: (1) combining a zeolite with a clay or silica and a promoter under a condition sufficient to bind the clay to the zeolite to produce a clay-bound zeolite; (2) heating the clay-bound zeolite to produce a modified zeolite; and (3) silylating the modified zeolite with a silylating agent. The hydrocarbon conversion process comprises contacting a hydrocarbon stream with the catalyst composition under a condition sufficient to effect the conversion of a hydrocarbon to an olefin and a C6 to C8 aromatic hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A novel high stability catalyst composition comprising a mixture of zeolite and zinc spinel that has been treated with a reducing gas under high temperature conditions, a method of making such high stability catalyst, and the use thereof for converting paraffin hydrocarbons to olefins and aromatics.

Abstract: A catalyst composition, a process for producing the composition, and a hydrocarbon conversion process for converting a hydrocarbon stream such as, for example, gasoline, to olefins and C.sub.6 to C.sub.8 aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylenes are disclosed. The catalyst composition comprises a zeolite, a promoter and optionally a binder. The process for producing the composition comprises the steps: (1) combining a zeolite with a promoter under a condition sufficient to produce a modified zeolite; and (2) steaming the modified zeolite. The hydrocarbon conversion process comprises contacting a hydrocarbon stream with the catalyst composition under a condition sufficient to effect the conversion of a hydrocarbon to an olefin and a C.sub.6 to C.sub.8 aromatic hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A composition, a process for producing the composition, and a hydrocarbon conversion process for converting a hydrocarbon stream such as, for example, gasoline, to olefins and C.sub.6 to C.sub.8 aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylenes are disclosed. The composition comprises a silylated catalyst which comprises a zeolite, a clay or silica, and a promoter. The process for producing the composition comprises the steps: (1) combining a zeolite with a clay or silica and a promoter under a condition sufficient to bind the clay to the zeolite to produce a clay-bound zeolite; (2) heating the clay-bound zeolite to produce a modified zeolite; and (3) silylating the modified zeolite with a silylating agent. The hydrocarbon conversion process comprises contacting a hydrocarbon stream with the catalyst composition under a condition sufficient to effect the conversion of a hydrocarbon to an olefin and a C.sub.6 to C.sub.8 aromatic hydrocarbon.

Abstract: An improved zeolite based catalyst comprising a mixture of a zeolite and a binder treated with boron trichloride and prepared by a novel method including exposing a mixture of a zeolite material and a binder to gaseous boron trichloride under suitable process conditions.

Abstract: An improved zeolite catalyst containing a zeolite and a zinc component manufactured by a novel method having certain process steps necessary for providing the improved zeolite catalyst. The process steps include incorporation of a zinc component with such zeolite followed by a steam treatment. An acid treatment can be conducted after the steam treatment. Processes are also disclosed for using the improved zeolite catalyst in the conversion of hydrocarbons, preferably non-aromatic hydrocarbons, to lower olefins (such as ethylene, propylene, and butene) and aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzene, toluene, and xylene).