Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes an anode that includes silicon, a conductive carbon, a lithium titanate, lithium metal, or a combination of any two or more thereof; a separator; a cathode having a cathode active material and a redox active species either mixed into the cathode or coated onto the cathode; and an electrolyte that includes a salt; and an aprotic solvent comprising a fluorinated ether solvent, a carbonate solvent, or a mixture thereof, with the proviso that the redox active species has substantially no solubility in the electrolyte. The redox active species may be a redox active organic compound or polymer.

Abstract: Methods of applying as-prepared alkaline source materials for a secondary battery. The cathode includes an alkaline source material with or without coating including an alkali metal oxide, an alkali metal sulfide, an alkali metal salt, or a combination of any two or more thereof. An as-prepared spread coating layer for a secondary battery, the coating layer includes an alkaline source material, including an alkali metal oxide, an alkali metal sulfide, and an alkali metal salt, with or without coating, a conductive carbon, a catalyst, or a combination of any two or more thereof. An as-prepared electrolyte for a secondary battery, the electrolyte includes an alkaline source material including an alkali metal oxide, an alkali metal sulfide, an alkali metal salt, or a combination of any two or more thereof.