Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for adapting a text, for example, for generating a text appropriate for the proficiency level of a language learner, are described. An original text is received and at least one portion of the original text to adapt is identified, where the adapted text will facilitate reader comprehension. An adaptation to be applied to the at least one portion of the original text is determined. The at least one portion of the original text is analyzed based on the adaptation, the adaptation is applied to the at least one portion of the original text, and the adapted text is provided.

Abstract: To automatically annotate an essay, a sentence of the essay is identified and a feature associated with the sentence is determined. In addition, a probability of the sentence being a discourse element is determined by mapping the feature to a model. The model having been generated by a machine learning application based on at least one annotated essay. Furthermore, the essay is annotated based on the probability.

Abstract: A method of grading an essay using an automated essay scoring system is provided. The method comprises the automated steps of (a) parsing the essay to produce parsed text, wherein the parsed text is a syntactic representation of the essay, (b) using the parsed text to create a vector of syntactic features derived from the essay, (c) using the parsed text to create a vector of rhetorical features derived from the essay, (d) creating a first score feature derived from the essay, (e) creating a second score feature derived from the essay, and (f) processing the vector of syntactic features, the vector of rhetorical features, the first score feature, and the second score feature to generate a score for the essay.

Abstract: A method of grading an essay using an automated essay scoring system is provided. The method comprises the automated steps of (a) parsing the essay to produce parsed text, wherein the parsed text is a syntactic representation of the essay, (b) using the parsed text to create a vector of syntactic features derived from the essay, (c) using the parsed text to create a vector of rhetorical features derived from the essay, (d) creating a first score feature derived from the essay, (e) creating a second score feature derived from the essay, and (f) processing the vector of syntactic features, the vector of rhetorical features, the first score feature, and the second score feature to generate a score for the essay.

Abstract: A system for carrying out a content-based process for automatically scoring essays is disclosed. The system includes a computer; a data storage device; a parse tree file stored in the data storage device, the parse tree file being representative of an essay in a parse tree format; a morphology stripping program; a concept extraction program for creating, on the basis of a morphology-stripped parse tree file, a phrasal node file; and a rule matching scoring program for scoring the essay on the basis of the phrasal node file.