Abstract: An antigen-presenting dendritic cell membrane derived nanovesicle (CDNV) can be made by incubating a dendritic cell (DC) with an antigen and an agent to activate the DC, thereby generating a mature DC displaying a major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC) presenting the antigen, and fragmenting the membrane of the mature DC and allowing the fragmented membrane to assemble into a CDNV displaying the MHC presenting the antigen. The CDNV can be delivered to an environment including a T cell, thereby directly activating the T cell, or indirectly activating the T cell through a bystander antigen presenting cell (APC) that uptakes the CDNV and presents the antigen. The activated T cell and produce a T cell response.

Abstract: A direct detection and quantitation of RNA or DNA contained in a sample is obtained by capillary electrophoresis of the RNA or DNA hybridized to a DNA or RNA probe of complementary sequence stabilized by the combination of a fluorophore terminally conjugated to the probe and a dye intercalating the RNA-DNA or DNA-DNA hybrid so formed. The RNA or DNA is quantified by measuring the total fluorescence emitted by the electrophoresed hybrid upon excitation by a laser generated light beam.

Abstract: A direct quantitation of RNA contained in a sample is obtained by capillary electrophoresis of the RNA hybridized to a DNA probe of complementary sequence stabilized by the combination of a fluorophore terminally conjugated to the DNA probe and a dye intercalating the RNA-DNA hybrid so formed. The RNA is quantified by measuring the total fluorescence emitted by the electrophoresed hybrid upon excitation by a laser generated light beam.