Abstract: Disclosed in a PAM-4 receiver using pattern-based clock and data recovery circuitry, which includes an analog front end that receives an external signal and recovers channel loss to output a refined PAM-4 signal, a comparison unit that receives the PAM-4 signal and compares the PAM-4 signal with a reference voltage to generate a recovery signal, and a recovery unit that receives the recovery signal and recovers data and a clock. The analog front end includes an equalizer that matches amplitudes of all frequency components of the external signal and an amplifier that amplifies an output signal of the equalizer.

Abstract: Disclosed in a PAM-4 receiver using pattern-based clock and data recovery circuitry, which includes an analog front end that receives an external signal and recovers channel loss to output a refined PAM-4 signal, a comparison unit that receives the PAM-4 signal and compares the PAM-4 signal with a reference voltage to generate a recovery signal, and a recovery unit that receives the recovery signal and recovers data and a clock. The analog front end includes an equalizer that matches amplitudes of all frequency components of the external signal and an amplifier that amplifies an output signal of the equalizer.

Abstract: A signal receiver includes a data sampler receiving a differential input signal having first and second input signals and determining bit values of the differential input signal based on first and second reference voltages, and a reference voltage generator performing a pre-tuning operation and a post-tuning operation to generate the reference voltages. The reference voltage generator performs the pre-tuning operation by generating first and second initial voltages and adjusting one of the initial voltages to generate third and fourth voltages. After the pre-tuning operation, the reference voltage generator performs the post-tuning operation by increasing or decreasing the third voltage to generate the first reference voltage and decreasing or increasing the fourth voltage to generate the second reference voltage based on a comparison result between the third voltage and the first input signal and a second comparison result between the fourth voltage and second input signal.

Abstract: A signal receiver includes a data sampler receiving a differential input signal having first and second input signals and determining bit values of the differential input signal based on first and second reference voltages, and a reference voltage generator performing a pre-tuning operation and a post-tuning operation to generate the reference voltages. The reference voltage generator performs the pre-tuning operation by generating first and second initial voltages and adjusting one of the initial voltages to generate third and fourth voltages. After the pre-tuning operation, the reference voltage generator performs the post-tuning operation by increasing or decreasing the third voltage to generate the first reference voltage and decreasing or increasing the fourth voltage to generate the second reference voltage based on a comparison result between the third voltage and the first input signal and a second comparison result between the fourth voltage and second input signal.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, a device for PAM-3 signaling includes an encoder selecting one of first to ninth transitions in first and second unit intervals that are successive and mapping data of three bits by using a remaining eight transitions other than the one selected among the first to ninth transitions, and an output driver receiving an output signal of the encoder via an input and generating a multi-level signal having an output voltage of first to third levels. The data of three bits is transmitted to a receiver terminal through the multi-level signal having the output voltage of the first to third levels during the first and second unit intervals that are successive. The device for PAM-3 signaling according to an embodiment of the inventive concept may transmit three bits during two unit intervals and may allow a receiver terminal to detect a windowing phenomenon.

Abstract: An optical receiver includes a transimpedance amplifier that converts a current signal corresponding to an optical signal into a voltage signal. The transimpedance amplifier includes an input terminal receiving the current signal, an output terminal outputting the voltage signal, an inverting circuit including a pull-up device that pull-up drives the voltage signal of the output terminal according to the current signal, and a pull-down device that pull-down drives the voltage signal of the output terminal according to the current signal, a feedback resistor electrically connected between the input and output terminals, a first resistor electrically connected between the input terminal and the pull-up device, and a second resistor electrically connected between the input terminal and the pull-down device.

Abstract: An optical receiver includes a transimpedance amplifier that converts a current signal corresponding to an optical signal into a voltage signal. The transimpedance amplifier includes an input terminal receiving the current signal, an output terminal outputting the voltage signal, an inverting circuit including a pull-up device that pull-up drives the voltage signal of the output terminal according to the current signal, and a pull-down device that pull-down drives the voltage signal of the output terminal according to the current signal, a feedback resistor electrically connected between the input and output terminals, a first resistor electrically connected between the input terminal and the pull-up device, and a second resistor electrically connected between the input terminal and the pull-down device.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, a device for PAM-3 signaling includes an encoder selecting one of first to ninth transitions in first and second unit intervals that are successive and mapping data of three bits by using a remaining eight transitions other than the one selected among the first to ninth transitions, and an output driver receiving an output signal of the encoder via an input and generating a multi-level signal having an output voltage of first to third levels. The data of three bits is transmitted to a receiver terminal through the multi-level signal having the output voltage of the first to third levels during the first and second unit intervals that are successive. The device for PAM-3 signaling according to an embodiment of the inventive concept may transmit three bits during two unit intervals and may allow a receiver terminal to detect a windowing phenomenon.