Abstract: The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, which contains a mixture of extracts of Stemonae Radix, Asparagi Tuber, Scutellariae Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Armeniacae Semen, and Moutan Cortex Radicis, for suppressing the occurrence of inflammatory bowel diseases due to cigarette smoke, a method for preventing or treating inflammatory bowel diseases, a method for suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines by using the composition, and to a food composition, which contains a mixture of extracts of Stemonae Radix, Asparagi Tuber, Scutellariae Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Armeniacae Semen, and Moutan Cortex Radicis, for preventing or ameliorating inflammatory bowel diseases due to cigarette smoke.

Abstract: A cooking appliance includes a knob assembly to emit light to improve an aesthetic feel and user convenience. The cooking appliance includes a main body having at least one heating source, a panel disposed in the main body and provided with a through hole, and a knob assembly coupled to the panel. The knob assembly includes a knob, at least one light source configured to emit light, a first light guide passing through the through hole and arranged to guide the light emitted from the light source, and a second light guide configured to guide the light guided by the first light guide to an outside of the knob.

Abstract: A method of generating a fin of a FinFET includes depositing a first hard mask layer on or above a first dummy gate and a second dummy gate, generating first spacers and second spacers by etching the first hard mask layer, removing only the first spacers, depositing a second hard mask layer, generating third spacers and fourth spacers by etching the second hard mask layer, removing the first dummy gate and the second dummy gate, generating first fins using the third spacers, and generating second fins using the second spacers and the fourth spacers.

Abstract: A method of generating a fin of a FinFET includes depositing a first hard mask layer on or above a first dummy gate and a second dummy gate, generating first spacers and second spacers by etching the first hard mask layer, removing only the first spacers, depositing a second hard mask layer, generating third spacers and fourth spacers by etching the second hard mask layer, removing the first dummy gate and the second dummy gate, generating first fins using the third spacers, and generating second fins using the second spacers and the fourth spacers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, which contains a mixture of extracts of Stemonae Radix, Asparagi Tuber, Scutellariae Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Armeniacae Semen, and Moutan Cortex Radicis, for suppressing the occurrence of inflammatory bowel diseases due to cigarette smoke, a method for preventing or treating inflammatory bowel diseases, a method for suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines by using the composition, and to a food composition, which contains a mixture of extracts of Stemonae Radix, Asparagi Tuber, Scutellariae Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Armeniacae Semen, and Moutan Cortex Radicis, for preventing or ameliorating inflammatory bowel diseases due to cigarette smoke.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, which comprises a Stemonae Radix extract, for preventing or treating the occurrence of inflammatory bowel diseases due to cigarette smoke, a method for preventing or treating the occurrence of inflammatory bowel diseases using the composition, a method for suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines using the composition, and to a food composition, which comprises the Stemonae Radix extract, for preventing or treating the occurrence of inflammatory bowel diseases due to cigarette smoke.

Abstract: A data transmission method using automatic repeat request (ARQ) in a radio interface protocol system consisting of a plurality of layers is provided. The method includes delivering, from an upper layer to a lower layer, a data block stored in an ARQ buffer, the ARQ buffer storing a plurality of data blocks to be transmitted in response the lower layer, the data block; delivering, from the upper layer to the lower layer, a new data block stored in the ARQ buffer if a delivery success message is received from the lower layer, the delivery success message indicating successful transmission of the data block; and shifting a window of the ARQ buffer. The present invention can effectively use radio resources since an ARQ procedure does not require a polling process and a process of receiving a status PDU, and is suitable for high rate data transmission.

Abstract: Provided are a method of preparing a zinc oxide nanostructure electrode and a method of preparing a dye-sensitized solar cell using the same. According to the present invention, the method of preparing a zinc oxide nanostructure electrode may include sequentially forming a superhydrophobic self-assembled layer and a zinc layer on a carrier substrate having a stamp pattern included therein, disposing the zinc layer on the carrier to face a first substrate and performing a stamp method to form at least one zinc pattern on the first substrate, oxidizing the zinc pattern to form zinc oxide seeds, and growing at least one zinc oxide nanostructure from the zinc oxide seeds by using a hydrothermal synthesis method to form a zinc oxide nanostructure electrode composed of the at least one zinc oxide nanostructure.

Abstract: A data transmission method using automatic repeat request (ARQ) in a radio interface protocol system consisting of a plurality of layers is provided. The method includes delivering, from an upper layer to a lower layer, a data block stored in an ARQ buffer, the ARQ buffer storing a plurality of data blocks to be transmitted in response the lower layer, the data block; delivering, from the upper layer to the lower layer, a new data block stored in the ARQ buffer if a delivery success message is received from the lower layer, the delivery success message indicating successful transmission of the data block; and shifting a window of the ARQ buffer. The present invention can effectively use radio resources since an ARQ procedure does not require a polling process and a process of receiving a status PDU, and is suitable for high rate data transmission.