Abstract: A glass stress test method includes breaking a glass, analyzing a shape of a crack of a broken portion of the glass in a plan view, finding a breakage origin of the glass based on the shape of the crack in the plan view, analyzing a cross-section of the breakage origin, and calculating a stress of the glass based on a cross-sectional analysis result of the breakage origin. The stress of the glass is calculated as a value proportional to a floor constant defined by a condition of a floor surface disposed when the glass is broken.

Abstract: An electrode assembly includes an anode; a cathode; and a separator between the anode and the cathode rolled together. The anode includes an anode current collector and an anode active material portion applied onto the anode current collector, and the cathode includes a cathode current collector and a cathode active material portion applied onto the cathode current collector. An anode uncoated portion of the anode current collector at which the anode active material is not applied extends in a first direction, and a cathode uncoated portion of the cathode current collector at which the cathode active material is not applied extends in an opposite direction. The cathode active material portion includes a loading reduction portion in which a loading amount of the cathode active material is smaller than that of an adjacent region. The loading reduction portion is at one end part of the cathode in the first direction.

Abstract: A device includes a random number generator configured to generate a random number, a memory configured to store at least one lookup table, and a processing circuit configured to generate a generator based on the random number, create the at least one lookup table based on the generator, and write the created at least one lookup table to the memory, wherein the processing circuit is configured to access the memory based on a first input and a second input, and generate a result of a modular multiplication of the first input by the second input based on the at least one lookup table.

Abstract: A method for patching a patchable function programmed in a read only memory (ROM) of a semiconductor device by using firmware loaded onto a first memory includes receiving an encrypted and digitally signed firmware image; generating a verification result by verifying the firmware image by using a public key; decrypting the firmware image by using a secret key depending on the verification result; loading firmware decrypted from the firmware image onto the first memory; and running a replacement function corresponding to an identifier of the patchable function included in the firmware, when the patchable function is called.

Abstract: An authentication apparatus, included in a device supporting a network communication, includes a certificate handler that receives a certificate of an opponent and parses or verifies the certificate of the opponent. Cryptographic primitives receive an authentication request of the opponent, generate a random number in response to the authentication request, generate a challenge corresponding to the random number, and verify a response of the opponent corresponding to the challenge. A shared memory stores the parsed certificate, the random number, the challenge, and the response. An authentication controller controls the certificate handler, the cryptographic primitives, and the shared memory through a register setting, according to an authentication protocol.

Abstract: A method for patching a patchable function programmed in a read only memory (ROM) of a semiconductor device by using firmware loaded onto a first memory includes receiving an encrypted and digitally signed firmware image; generating a verification result by verifying the firmware image by using a public key; decrypting the firmware image by using a secret key depending on the verification result; loading firmware decrypted from the firmware image onto the first memory; and running a replacement function corresponding to an identifier of the patchable function included in the firmware, when the patchable function is called.

Abstract: A method of encoding and an encoder are provided. The method includes generating first one-hot bits for most significant bits (MSBs) and second one-hot bits for least significant bits (LSBs) using input one-hot bits; encoding the first one-hot bits to the MSBs and complementary MSBs through a first logical operation using a cross-connection; and encoding the second one-hot bits to the LSBs and complementary LSBs through a second logical operation using a cross-connection. The encoder includes a first bit generator, a first encoder, a second bit generator and a second encoder.

Abstract: An authentication apparatus, included in a device supporting a network communication, includes a certificate handler that receives a certificate of an opponent and parses or verifies the certificate of the opponent. Cryptographic primitives receive an authentication request of the opponent, generate a random number in response to the authentication request, generate a challenge corresponding to the random number, and verify a response of the opponent corresponding to the challenge. A shared memory stores the parsed certificate, the random number, the challenge, and the response. An authentication controller controls the certificate handler, the cryptographic primitives, and the shared memory through a register setting, according to an authentication protocol.

Abstract: A method of encoding and an encoder are provided. The method includes generating first one-hot bits for most significant bits (MSBs) and second one-hot bits for least significant bits (LSBs) using input one-hot bits; encoding the first one-hot bits to the MSBs and complementary MSBs through a first logical operation using a cross-connection; and encoding the second one-hot bits to the LSBs and complementary LSBs through a second logical operation using a cross-connection. The encoder includes a first bit generator, a first encoder, a second bit generator and a second encoder.