Abstract: A transfer stamp comprising a nano-film layer is formed on a substantially transparent polymeric substrate, wherein the substantially transparent polymeric substrate comprises an indirect adhesion layer adhered to the nano-film. The nano-film layer of the transfer stamp is applied to a surface of a target substrate; the nano-film layer is positioned between the indirect adhesion layer and the target substrate.

Abstract: A two-dimensional film (such as graphene) is formed on a surface of a growth substrate. A first surface of the two-dimensional film adheres to the growth substrate, and a second surface of the two-dimensional film is then coated with a conforming carrier layer comprising ethylene vinyl acetate. The surface of the growth substrate is etched to release the two-dimensional film with the conforming carrier layer from the growth substrate, wherein the conforming carrier layer maintains the integrity of the two-dimensional film during and after its release from the growth substrate. The first surface of the two-dimensional film with the conforming carrier layer coating is then applied onto a target substrate to form a graphene coating on the target substrate. The conforming carrier layer is then removed from the two-dimensional film by exposing the conforming carrier layer to a solvent while the two-dimensional film is coating the target substrate.