Abstract: A calorimetric detector (1) for measuring energy of electrons and photons comprises a light energy absorber and scintillating fibers (2). The absorber is formed of a tungsten matrix (3), comprising a first assembly (4) and a second assembly (5) of parallel tungsten plates. The first assembly (4) is perpendicular to the second assembly (5) forming a grid, while each plate is in one half formed by alternating teeth (6) and gaps (7). The first assembly's (4) plates fit detachably with their teeth (6) into the gaps (7) of the second assembly (5) and vice versa. Spaces between the plates of the first assembly (4) and the second assembly (5) form longitudinal sections (8) with inner cross-section size of one pixel. The scintillating fibers (2) are longitudinally arranged, made of a single crystal material. The tungsten matrix (3) is in a protective metal frame (9) having tungsten inner walls (10).

Abstract: A calorimetric detector (1) for measuring energy of electrons and photons comprises a light energy absorber and scintillating fibers (2). The absorber is formed of a tungsten matrix (3), comprising a first assembly (4) and a second assembly (5) of parallel tungsten plates. The first assembly (4) is perpendicular to the second assembly (5) forming a grid, while each plate is in one half formed by alternating teeth (6) and gaps (7). The first assembly's (4) plates fit detachably with their teeth (6) into the gaps (7) of the second assembly (5) and vice versa. Spaces between the plates of the first assembly (4) and the second assembly (5) form longitudinal sections (8) with inner cross-section size of one pixel. The scintillating fibers (2) are longitudinally arranged, made of a single crystal material. The tungsten matrix (3) is in a protective metal frame (9) having tungsten inner walls (10).

Abstract: The light source includes a high-efficiency solid-state laser source emitting excitation coherent radiation, and a single crystal phosphor forming an optic element for receiving the excitation coherent radiation and emitting light with desired parameters. The single crystal phosphor is made of garnets conforming to the general formula (Ax,Lu1-x)aAlbO12:Cec formula, or from a single crystal material of perovskite structure conforming to the general formula B1-gAlO3:Dq.

Abstract: Problem to be solved: Currently, the known manner of shortening the scintillation response of scintillation material is to suppress the amplitude-minor slower components (2) of the scintillation response, whereas the possibilities of significant shortening of the amplitude-dominant component of the scintillation response in this manner are limited. Solution: The invention concerns the manner of shortening the scintillation response of scintillator luminescence centres which uses co-doping with Ce or Pr together with co-doping with ions from the lanthanoids, 3d transition metals, 4d transition metals or 5s2 or 6s2 ions group.

Abstract: According to the invention, the diode with a single crystal phosphor placed over the chip selected from the InGaN, GaN or AlGaN group comprises the fact that the single crystal phosphor (21) is created from the monocrystalline ingot (51), created by LuYAG or YAP hosts, doped with the atoms selected from the Ce3+, Ti3+, Eu2+, C, Gd3+ or Ga3+ group, grown from the melt with the method selected from the Czochralski, HEM, Badgasarov, Kyropoulos or EFG group, when the Lu3+, Y3+ and Al3+ atoms can be replaced in the host up to the amount of 99.9% with the B3+, Gd3+ or Ga3+ atoms.

Abstract: The light source is based on a high-efficiency solid-state laser source of the excitation coherent radiation and a single crystal phosphor which is machined in a form of an optic element for emitted light parameterisation. The single crystal phosphor is produced from a single crystal material on the basis of garnets of the (Ax, Lu1-x)aAlbO12:Cec general formula or from a single crystal material on the basis of perovskite structure of the B1-qAlO3:Dq general formula. The efficient light source shall be utilized e.g. in the automotive industry.

Abstract: According to the invention, the diode with a single crystal phosphor placed over the chip comprises the fact that the single crystal phosphor, created by LnYAG and/or YAP and/or GGAG hosts, doped with the atoms selected from the Ce3+, Ti, Cr3+, Sm2+, B3+, Gd3+ or Ga3+ group, when the Lu3+, Y3+ and Al3+ atoms can be replaced in the host up to the amount of 99.9% with the B3+, Gd3+ or Ga3+ atoms. The composition and manner of production of the phosphor, treatment and shape of its surface and construction of the whole diode ensure the extraction of the converted light in the direction from the chip itself of the diode towards the object that is being illuminated and limit the total reflection effect on the interface of the single crystal phosphor and encapsulant or single crystal phosphor and surrounding environment.

Abstract: There is provided a process for selective isomerisation of C4+ paraffins using a catalyst comprising mixed aluminium, tungsten and zirconium oxides, and a hydrogenation/dehydrogenation component, such as palladium or other Group VIII metals. The feed may optionally also include shorter paraffins, aromatics or cycloparaffins.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an isomerisation catalyst comprising mixed aluminium, tungsten and zirconium oxides and a hydrogenation/dehydrogenation component, such as palladium or other Group VIII metals. The catalyst is useful in an isomerisation process for C4+ paraffins and may optionally also include shorter paraffins, aromatics or cycloparaffins.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of linear and/or branched paraffin hydrocarbons based on the use of an ionic liquid catalyst in combination with a metal salt additive, which provides a catalytic composition with an increased activity, compared with said ionic liquid. Under suitable reaction conditions this conversion is leading to paraffin hydrocarbon fraction with higher octane number.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for production of high-octane gasoline from a C6-C10 hydrocarbon feed stream by selective dehydrogenation of cycloparaffins without substantially affecting aromatics and paraffins present in the feed. It involves a catalyst comprising a Group VIII metal supported on a substantially non-acidic porous material with concentration of acidic sites lower than 1 ?mole/g. The catalyst in the selective dehydrogenation typically comprises palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium or mixtures thereof in an amount of 0.1 wt % to 1.0 wt % supported on a carrier material selected from silica, alumina, zirconia, titania, or mixtures thereof, other oxides, carbons, carbides and nitrides. The process for the production of high-octane gasoline from a C6-C10 hydrocarbon feed can be a combination of a catalytic dehydrogenation step, a catalytic isomerisation step and one or more separation steps.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an isomerisation catalyst comprising mixed aluminium, tungsten and zirconium oxides and a hydrogenation/dehydrogenation component, such as palladium or other Group VIII metals. The catalyst is useful in an isomerisation process for C4+ paraffins and may optionally also include shorter paraffins, aromatics or cycloparaffins.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of linear and/or branched paraffins hydrocarbons, catalysed by an ionic liquid catalyst, in the presence of a cyclic hydrocarbon additive containing a tertiary carbon atom. The presence of the specific hydrocarbon additives influences the reaction mechanism by increasing the selectivity towards the formation of paraffin hydrocarbons with a higher degree of branching.

Abstract: A catalyst composition and process for the conversion of linear and/or branched paraffin hydrocarbons based on the use of an ionic liquid catalyst in combination with a Brønsted Acid, which provides a catalytic composition with an increased activity compared with said ionic liquid. Under suitable reaction conditions this conversion is leading to paraffin hydrocarbon fraction with higher octane number.

Abstract: There is provided a process for selective isomerisation of C4+ paraffins using a catalyst comprising mixed aluminium, tungsten and zirconium oxides, and a hydrogenation/dehydrogenation component, such as palladium or other Group VIII metals. The feed may optionally also include shorter paraffins, aromatics or cycloparaffins.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of linear and/or branched paraffins hydrocarbons, catalysed by an ionic liquid catalyst, in the presence of a cyclic hydrocarbon additive containing a tertiary carbon atom. The presence of the specific hydrocarbon additives influences the reaction mechanism by increasing the selectivity towards the formation of paraffin hydrocarbons with a higher degree of branching.

Abstract: This patent presents a two-stage process for production of high-octane gasoline from a hydrocarbon stream comprising C4-C12 hydrocarbon mixtures of paraffins, optionally including cycloalkanes, aromatics and olefins. During the first step linear molecules are activated and converted predominantly to mono-branched isomers. Present cyclic molecules and olefins are hydrogenated, but conversion must be sufficiently low to avoid ring opening. Only such (low) amount of multi-branched isomers is formed in the first reaction zone that extent of cracking is still acceptable. Concentration of multi-branched isomers is consecutively increased in the second step. Reaction of mono-branched isomers requires lower activation energy than cracking and isomerisation of linear molecules. Monomethyl-paraffins readily react to their multi-branched counterparts with a high selectivity under mild reaction conditions with catalysts having a Hammet acidity value lower than −10 at temperature of maximum 100° C.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of linear and/or branched paraffin hydrocarbons based on the use of an ionic liquid catalyst in combination with a metal salt additive, which provides a catalytic composition with an increased activity, compared with said ionic liquid. Under suitable reaction conditions this conversion is leading to paraffin hydrocarbon fraction with higher octane number.

Abstract: A process for conversion of hydrocarbon feed by contacting the feed with a catalyst containing heteropoly acid supported on a carrier at reaction conditions being effective in the conversion of the feed, wherein the carrier is selected from substantially inert inorganic amorphous or crystalline material, which retains characteristic structure of the heteropoly acid as evidenced by vibration frequencies around 985 and 1008 cm−1, and which has a surface area larger than 15 m2/g excluding surface area in pores below 15 Å in diameter.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of paraffin hydrocarbon feed stock via skeletal isomerisation by contacting this feed with a catalyst comprised of an ionic liquid formed from an N-containing heterocyclic and/or N-containing aliphatic organic cation and an inorganic anion derived from metal halides.