Abstract: A digital certificate may be extracted from communications between a web browser and a web server computer. The digital certificate may be verified independent of the web browser by comparing the digital certificate against contents of a database containing digital certificates of legitimate websites or by consulting a remotely located security server computer. For example, the digital certificate may be forwarded from a client computer running the web browser to the security server computer. The security server computer may obtain a digital certificate from the web server computer and compare it to the one received from the client computer to detect man-in-the-middle attacks, for example.

Abstract: An apparatus for updating a rating database arrangement including a first gateway and a first anti-virus detection arrangement configured to be activated by the first gateway when the first gateway intercepts a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) request. The first anti-virus detection arrangement is configured to include at least an anti-virus engine, the anti-virus engine configured at least for scanning a URL attributable to the URL request. The anti-virus engine is also configured for generating a scanning result for the URL attributable to the URL request, the scanning result configured to include one of a safe scanning result and an other than safe scanning result. The first anti-virus detection arrangement further includes a feedback module, the feedback module configured at least for extracting the other than safe scanning result from the anti-virus engine and sending the other than safe scanning result to the rating database arrangement.