Abstract: Lincosamides of general formula I, where R1 is selected from C2-C8 alkyl or C2-C8 alkenyl; R3 is selected from OH, O(C1-C4 alkyl), SH, S(C1-C4 alkyl) or halogen; R4 is H or C1-C3 alkyl; each of R21, R22, R23, R24, R25 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkynyl, halogen, O(C1-C4 alkyl), O(C1-C4 alkenyl), O(C1-C4 alkynyl), NH2, N(C1-C4 alkyl)2, N(C1-C4 alkenyl)2, N(C1-C4 alkynyl)2; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. A method of preparation thereof, in particular a biosynthetic method using newly discovered functions of celesticetin biosynthetic proteins Ccb1 and/or Ccb2. Lincosamides of general formula I are suitable for use as antibacterial and antiprotozoal substances.

Abstract: Lincosamides of general formula I, where R1 is selected from C2-C8 alkyl or C2-C8 alkenyl; R3 is selected from OH, O(C1-C4 alkyl), SH, S(C1-C4 alkyl) or halogen; R4 is H or C1-C3 alkyl; each of R21, R22, R23, R24, R25 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkynyl, halogen, O(C1-C4 alkyl), O(C1-C4 alkenyl), O(C1-C4 alkynyl), NH2, N(C1-C4 alkyl)2, N(C1-C4 alkenyl)2, N(C1-C4 alkynyl)2; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. A method of preparation thereof, in particular a biosynthetic method using newly discovered functions of celesticetin biosynthetic proteins Ccb1 and/or Ccb2. Lincosamides of general formula I are suitable for use as antibacterial and antiprotozoal substances.

Abstract: Atomic mixed metal electrodes, including electrodes containing a conductive polymer-mixed metal complex, as well as methods of making and using the same, are disclosed. In some embodiments, the atomic mixed metal electrode can be described as a conductive polymer-coated electrode having mixed metal clusters complexed to the conductive polymer at levels of between 2 and 10 metal atoms. A method for preparing the conductive polymer-mixed metal complexes is disclosed that can deposit metal atoms one at a time into a complex with the conductive polymer, allowing for highly tailored atomic clusters. A method of oxidizing alcohols, and the application to devices such as fuel cells are also disclosed.

Abstract: Atomic mixed metal electrodes, including electrodes containing a conductive polymer-mixed metal complex, as well as methods of making and using the same, are disclosed. In some embodiments, the atomic mixed metal electrode can be described as a conductive polymer-coated electrode having mixed metal clusters complexed to the conductive polymer at levels of between 2 and 10 metal atoms. A method for preparing the conductive polymer-mixed metal complexes is disclosed that can deposit metal atoms one at a time into a complex with the conductive polymer, allowing for highly tailored atomic clusters. A method of oxidizing alcohols, and the application to devices such as fuel cells are also disclosed.

Abstract: Improved electrochemical biosensor arrays and instruments are disclosed herein. Methods of making and using the electrochemical biosensor instruments are also disclosed. An electrochemical biosensor array can include an array of microelectrodes disposed on a substrate. Each microelectrode can include a conducting electrode material disposed on a portion of the substrate, a first polymeric layer disposed on at least a portion of the conducting electrode material, a second polymeric layer disposed on at least a portion of the first polymeric layer, and a capture molecule that is in physical communication with the second polymeric layer.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to devices and methods in which one or more miniature synthetic jet actuators are integrated with a chemical fluidic sensor (ChemFET) to effect inhalation and exhalation of ambient gas samples and induce small scale mixing at the surface of the sensor. The fluidically integrated jet transports ambient gas or liquid into the jet/sensor assembly through integrated gas or liquid channels, impinges the sample gas or liquid on the sensing element, and finally ejects the sample gas or liquid back into the ambient gas or liquid. The response of the sensor in the presence of the active jet is compared to its response when the jet is inactive. The jet actuator directs entrained ambient gas or liquid toward the active surface of the sensor, and the impingement of sample gas or liquid onto the surface of the sensor results in faster response time. Other embodiments are also claimed and described.

Abstract: Improved radiation devices and their associated fabrication and applications are described herein. The microirradiators generally include a non-radioactive conducting electrode, an insulating sheath, a radioactive source, and, optionally, a contact electrode. The microirradiators generally produce low absolute radiation levels with high radiation flux densities.

Abstract: Electrochemical biosensor arrays and systems, as well as methods of making the electrochemical biosensor arrays and systems, are described herein. The electrochemical biosensor systems can be used with CMOS detection circuits that have a plurality of chemical detection and/or actuation channels or sites. The biosensor systems generally include a first inert conducting electrode disposed on a first portion of a CMOS detection circuit and a polymeric layer adjacent the first inert conducting electrode. The biosensor systems can also include a capture biomolecule bound to the polymeric layer. The biosensor system can also include the CMOS detection and/or actuation circuit having a plurality of channels.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to devices and methods in which one or more miniature synthetic jet actuators are integrated with a chemical fluidic sensor (ChemFET) to effect inhalation and exhalation of ambient gas samples and induce small scale mixing at the surface of the sensor. The fluidically integrated jet transports ambient gas or liquid into the jet/sensor assembly through integrated gas or liquid channels, impinges the sample gas or liquid on the sensing element, and finally ejects the sample gas or liquid back into the ambient gas or liquid. The response of the sensor in the presence of the active jet is compared to its response when the jet is inactive. The jet actuator directs entrained ambient gas or liquid toward the active surface of the sensor, and the impingement of sample gas or liquid onto the surface of the sensor results in faster response time. Other embodiments are also claimed and described.

Abstract: Improved radiation devices and their associated fabrication and applications are described herein. The microirradiators generally include a non-radioactive conducting electrode, an insulating sheath, a radioactive source, and, optionally, a contact electrode. The microirradiators generally produce low absolute radiation levels with high radiation flux densities.

Abstract: Improved electrochemical biosensor arrays and instruments are disclosed herein. Methods of making and using the electrochemical biosensor instruments are also disclosed. An electrochemical biosensor array can include an array of microelectrodes disposed on a substrate. Each microelectrode can include a conducting electrode material disposed on a portion of the substrate, a first polymeric layer disposed on at least a portion of the conducting electrode material, a second polymeric layer disposed on at least a portion of the first polymeric layer, and a capture molecule that is in physical communication with the second polymeric layer.

Abstract: A system and method for determining the condition of lubricating oil in an oil-utilizing mechanism, said system comprising: sensor means for sensing the chemical composition of oil vapor in the head space of the oil reservoir, or a holding reservoir; temperature probes for sensing the temperature of the oil and of the sensor means; microprocessor means connected to the sensor means and temperature probes for creating a vapor signature by means of a pattern recognition algorithm representing the chemical composition of the vapor in the head space; and display means for producing a discernable indication to an operator if the processor means determines that the vapor signature deviates from predetermined baseline parameters. The system is initiated when the oil-utilizing mechanism is shut off, or when a sample of oil is taken from the oil reservoir and placed in the holding reservoir, and senses conditions periodically during cool-down of the oil.

Abstract: A system and method for determining the condition of lubricating oil in the oil reservoir of an oil-utilizing mechanism, said system comprising: sensor means for sensing the chemical composition of oil vapor in the head space of the oil reservoir; temperature probes for sensing the temperature of the oil and of the sensor means; microprocessor means connected to the sensor means and temperature probes for creating a vapor signature by means of a pattern recognition algorithm representing the chemical composition of the vapor in the head space; and display means for producing a discernable indication to an operator if the processor means determines that the vapor signature deviates from predetermined baseline parameters. The system is initiated when the oil-utilizing mechanism is shut off, and senses conditions periodically during the cool-down phase of the machine.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the destruction of emissions from an internal combustion engine wherein a substrate coated with TiO.sub.2 is exposed to a light source in the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine thereby catalyzing oxidation/reduction reactions between gaseous hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and oxygen in the exhaust of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: An immunochemical sensor for measuring the concentration of immunochemical species in a first solution includes a light-emitting element for exciting fluorescent particles which collide with the surface of the element to cause the particles to, in turn, emit light, where the surface includes first immunoreagents coupled thereto, and a light detector for detecting the light emitted by the particles, where the amount of light detected is dependent upon the elasticity of collision of the particles from the surface of the light-emitting element--more light detected for less elastic collisions. A membrane at least partially surrounds the light-emitting element and includes a second solution which is maintained in contact with the light-emitting element. The membrane allows the passage therethrough of the immunochemical species to be detected while prohibiting passage therethrough of other species.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for administering known quantities of medicaments by iontophoresis, while avoiding burns caused by extremes in the pH of the medicament medium during passage of an electric current, are disclosed. It is known that as iontophoresis progresses in conventional iontophoresis systems, the electrolysis of water occurs to produce hydrogen or hydroxyl ions at the interface of the electrode and medicament medium. Since these ions are highly mobile, they are transported directly into the skin of a patient in preference to the larger medicament ions. Thus, extreme changes in pH are experienced which result in burns due to the acidificaion or alkalinization of the medicament medium and passage of electric current through the skin. In addition, the efficiency of iontophoresis decreases over time. The present invention avoids extremes in pH by removing the hydrogen or hydroxyl ions which are created during iontophoresis and creates conditions for constant delivery over prolonged periods of time.

Abstract: A chemical selective sensor system utilizes admittance modulated to detect the presence of chemicals or chemical species in a fluid. The sensor system includes a film or membrane adapted to pass ions when selected chemicals which are to be detected are present at the membrane surface. The membrane is attached to a hydrophilic layer of material which, in turn, is attached to a transformed layer which is deposited on a base substrate. When the selected chamicals are present in the fluid, the membrane interacts with the chemicals to allow ions, also in the fluid, to permeate the membrane. This ion current in the membrane is transformed or converted by the transformer layer to an electronic current which is measured by an electrical circuit coupled to the transformer layer of material. An alternating current source is coupled at one terminal to the transformer layer and to the measuring circuit, and at another terminal to a circuit return electrode.

Abstract: In systems for rapid sequential analysis of fluid samples, such as blood samples, an electrochemical sensor is capable of equally rapid, sequential sample response by avoiding the need for equilibration during the measuring phase, and by substantially replacing the electrolyte acceptor for each sample. The sensor is made up of a pair of electrodes, an electrolyte acceptor, and a gas permeable membrane separating the electrolyte from the sample stream. Samples are passed rapidly by the membrane, and at the end of each such pass, the electrodes are polarized for a certain period, the flow of electrical current is measured, and the electrolyte is flushed and replaced by new electrolyte. This membrane material can be hydrophobic and also hydrophilic in nature.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring the concentration of various components in a fluid sample. The apparatus comprises a chemically sensitive field effect transistor (CHEMFET) having a semiconductor substrate and a pair of diffusion regions formed at the surface of the substrate. An electrical insulating layer is positioned adjacent the substrate and a fluid pervious bridge member is mounted to the insulating layer so as to form a gap between the bridge member and insulating layer. The apparatus also includes means for imposing an electrical charge on the bridge member, means for imposing an electrical potential between the diffusion regions, and means for detecting current flow between the diffusion regions. The fluid sample to be analyzed is introduced through the fluid pervious bridge member and into the gap where various components of the fluid sample are adsorbed by the bridge member, and in another embodiment, also by an adsorptive layer which is applied within the gap.

Abstract: Polymers, the surfaces of which have been modified, are disclosed. The polymer surface is modified by embedding therein a second polymer. The modified polymer substantially retains its bulk properties while also possessing, at its surface, properties of the second polymer.