Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer facing the first conductive layer, and a piezoelectric layer between the first and second conductive layers, composed of a compound oxide containing at least lead, zirconium, titanium, and oxygen. The piezoelectric layer includes a first crystal layer on the first conductive layer side of the piezoelectric layer and a second crystal layer continued from the first crystal layer, nearer to the second conductive layer side than the first crystal layer. In the piezoelectric layer, the lead concentration in the first conductive layer side of the first crystal layer is lower than that in the second conductive layer side of the second crystal layer. In the piezoelectric layer, the oxygen concentration in the first conductive layer side of the first crystal layer is higher than that in the second conductive layer side of the second crystal layer.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head is provided which includes a pressure generating room communicating with a nozzle opening, and a piezoelectric element generating a pressure change in the pressure generating room. In the above liquid ejecting head, the piezoelectric element includes a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer provided on the first electrode and having a thickness of 5 ?m or less, and a second electrode provided on the piezoelectric layer at a side opposite to that of the first electrode, the piezoelectric layer contains lead, zirconium, and titanium, and a Schottky barrier value at the interface between the first electrode and the piezoelectric layer is in the range of 0.76 to 1.29 eV.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a pressure generating chamber that communicates with a nozzle opening and a piezoelectric element that includes: a first electrode; a piezoelectric body layer that is formed on the first electrode and which has a perovskite structure with a general formula of ABO3, and a second electrode that is formed the piezoelectric body layer. There is lead in a B site of the piezoelectric body layer, and the peak position of A1(3LO) for a Raman shift of the piezoelectric body layer that is acquired by Raman scattering is 710 cm?1 to 712 cm?1.

Abstract: A liquid-ejecting head including a pressure-generating chamber communicating with an nozzle, and a piezoelectric element having a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer arranged above the first electrode, and a second electrode arranged above the piezoelectric layer. An internal electric field in the piezoelectric layer is biased toward the first electrode or the second electrode and no voltage is applied to the first electrode or the second electrode.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head including a pressure-generating chamber which communicates with a nozzle opening, and a piezoelectric element including a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer formed above the first electrode and having a perovskite structure represented by the general formula ABO3, and a second electrode formed above the piezoelectric layer, wherein the piezoelectric layer, lead, zirconium, and titanium are present at A sites of the perovskite structure, and lead, zirconium, and titanium are present at B sites of the perovskite structure.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head including a fluid channel forming substrate including a pressure generating chamber communicating with a nozzle opening that ejects a liquid droplet and a piezoelectric element. The piezoelectric element has a first electrode, a piezoelectric material layer that is provided on the first electrode and has a perovskite monoclinic structure, and a second electrode formed on the piezoelectric material layer opposite to the first electrode. An angle formed between a direction of an electric field generated between the first and second electrodes and an orientation of a polarization moment of the piezoelectric material layer is greater than an angle formed between the direction of the electric field at a time when the piezoelectric constant of the piezoelectric material layer reaches a maximum level and the orientation of the polarization moment.

Abstract: This disclosure provides methods for catalyzing the release of ADP-ribose from poly(ADP-ribose) or O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. Also provided are methods for modifying DNA repair or chromatin structure by introducing into the cell an agent that modifies the activity of an ARH3 polypeptide, or variant or fragment thereof. Further provided are methods for screening molecules involved in the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of proteins or O-acetyl-ADP-ribose content, and method for treating disorders by altering activity of an ARH3 protein.

Abstract: A liquid-ejecting head includes a pressure-generating chamber communicatively connected to a nozzle opening and also includes a piezoelectric transducer including a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer disposed on the first electrode, and a second electrode disposed on the piezoelectric layer. The first electrode contains platinum and titanium oxide with a rutile content of 76.5 to 100 mole percent.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head including a pressure generating chamber that communicates with a nozzle opening that ejects liquid and a piezoelectric element that generates a pressure change in the pressure generating chamber. The piezoelectric element includes a first electrode, a piezoelectric body layer that is formed on the first electrode which includes a grain-shaped region, and a second electrode that is formed on a side of the piezoelectric body layer that is opposite to the first electrode.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a pressure generating chamber communicating with a nozzle opening, and a piezoelectric element generating a pressure change in the pressure generating chamber. In this liquid ejecting head, the piezoelectric element includes a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer provided above the first electrode, and a second electrode provided above the piezoelectric layer at a side opposite to the first electrode. The first electrode has a diffusion-preventing layer containing iridium oxide as a primary component, and the diffusion-preventing layer has stress relieving holes that pass through in the thickness direction thereof and that is filled with a material other than iridium oxide.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a pressure generating chamber that is communicated with a nozzle opening and a piezoelectric element includes a first electrode formed above the pressure generating chamber, a piezoelectric layer formed above the first electrode, and a second electrode formed above the piezoelectric layer. In addition, an amorphous layer including an amorphous material is formed on a surface of the piezoelectric layer at the second electrode side.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes: a base substrate; a lower electrode formed above the base substrate; a piezoelectric layer that is formed above the lower electrode, and formed from a perovskite type oxide; and an upper electrode formed above the piezoelectric layer, wherein the piezoelectric layer is oriented to (100) crystal orientation in the pseudo-cubic crystal expression, and a crystal of the perovskite type oxide in a direction parallel to a lower surface of the piezoelectric layer has a lattice constant greater than a lattice constant of the crystal of the perovskite type oxide in a direction orthogonal to the lower surface of the piezoelectric layer.

Abstract: This disclosure provides methods for catalyzing the release of ADP-ribose from poly(ADP-ribose) or O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. Also provided are methods for modifying DNA repair or chromatin structure by introducing into the cell an agent that modifies the activity of an ARH3 polypeptide, or variant or fragment thereof. Further provided are methods for screening molecules involved in the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of proteins or O-acetyl-ADP-ribose content, and method for treating disorders by altering activity of an ARH3 protein.

Abstract: A droplet discharging head includes a substrate, a cavity section positioned on a first surface side of the substrate, a piezoelectric thin film positioned on a second surface side of the substrate and disposed in an area opposing the cavity section, a cover section positioned on the first surface side of the substrate, and disposed covering the cavity section, the cover section having a through-hole, and a groove positioned on the second surface side of the substrate and disposed in a direction extending along an edge of the piezoelectric thin film.