Abstract: A lubricant solid contains, in a content of 92 mass % or more and 100 mass % or less, a lubricant having a polygonal network bond structure.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer on the conductive substrate, a charge generation layer on the undercoat layer, a charge transport layer on the charge generation layer, and an inorganic protection layer on the charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains a binder resin and a charge transport material, and, when impedance of the charge transport layer is measured, a ratio (C1Hz/C10Hz) of an electrostatic capacitance C1Hz at 1 Hz to an electrostatic capacitance C10Hz at 10 Hz is 1.1 or less.

Abstract: A lubricant solid contains, in a content of 92 mass% or more and 100 mass% or less, a lubricant having a polygonal network bond structure.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer on the conductive substrate, a charge generation layer on the undercoat layer, a charge transport layer on the charge generation layer, and an inorganic protection layer on the charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains a binder resin and a charge transport material, and, when impedance of the charge transport layer is measured, a ratio (C1 Hz/C10 Hz) of an electrostatic capacitance C1 Hz at 1 Hz to an electrostatic capacitance C10 Hz at 10 Hz is 1.1 or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor includes a conductive substrate, and a photoconductive layer, in which an outermost surface layer contains a binder resin, a charge transporting material, fluorine-containing resin particles, and an acidic compound, the number of carboxyl groups in the fluorine-containing resin particles is 0 or more and 30 or less per 106 carbon atoms of the fluorine-containing resin particles, and in a case where charging and exposure of the electrophotographic photoconductor are repeated 10,000 times under conditions of a charging potential of ?700 V and an exposure intensity of 5 mJ/m2, an absolute value |RP1?RP10000| of a difference between a residual potential RP1 after charging and exposure once and a residual potential RP10000 after charging and exposure 10,000 times is 25 V or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a single-layer-type photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The single-layer-type photosensitive layer contains a binder resin, a charge generating material, an electron transporting material, and a hole transporting material. The single-layer-type photosensitive layer has a concentration ratio (A/B) of 0.7 or more and 1.0 or less, where the concentration ratio (A/B) is a ratio of a concentration A of the electron transporting material relative to the binder resin measured from a surface of the photosensitive layer remote from the conductive substrate to a concentration B of the electron transporting material relative to the binder resin measured from a surface of the photosensitive layer close to the conductive substrate.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive base and a single-layer-type photosensitive layer on the conductive base. The photosensitive layer contains a binder resin, a charge generation material, a hole transport material, a fluorine-atom-containing electron transport material, and fluorine-atom-containing resin particles. An amount of the charge generation material in the photosensitive layer is 0.5% by weight or more and less than 2.0% by weight. The charge generation material has a distribution that satisfies Formula (1): 30?a/b in a thickness direction of the photosensitive layer where a and b are as defined in the specification, and b may be 0. The fluorine-atom-containing electron transport material has a distribution that satisfies Formula (2): 30?c/d in the thickness direction of the photosensitive layer where c and d are as defined in the specification, and d may be 0.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a single-layer-type photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The single-layer-type photosensitive layer contains a binder resin, a charge generating material, an electron transporting material, and a hole transporting material. The single-layer-type photosensitive layer has a concentration ratio (A/B) of 0.7 or more and 1.0 or less, where the concentration ratio (A/B) is a ratio of a concentration A of the electron transporting material relative to the binder resin measured from a surface of the photosensitive layer remote from the conductive substrate to a concentration B of the electron transporting material relative to the binder resin measured from a surface of the photosensitive layer close to the conductive substrate.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive base and a single-layer-type photosensitive layer on the conductive base. The photosensitive layer contains a binder resin, a charge generation material, a hole transport material, a fluorine-atom-containing electron transport material, and fluorine-atom-containing resin particles. An amount of the charge generation material in the photosensitive layer is 0.5% by weight or more and less than 2.0% by weight. The charge generation material has a distribution that satisfies Formula (1): 30?a/b in a thickness direction of the photosensitive layer where a and b are as defined in the specification, and b may be 0. The fluorine-atom-containing electron transport material has a distribution that satisfies Formula (2): 30?c/d in the thickness direction of the photosensitive layer where c and d are as defined in the specification, and d may be 0.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a single-layer photosensitive layer which is provided on the conductive substrate and contains a binder resin, at least one charge generating material selected from a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine pigment and a chlorogallium phthalocyanine pigment, a first electron transporting material defined in the specification, a second electron transporting material defined in the specification, and a hole transporting material defined in the specification, wherein a total content of all electron transporting materials is greater than or equal to 4 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of a total solid content of the photosensitive layer, and an average loss elastic modulus E? of the photosensitive layer, which is obtained by measuring dynamic viscoelasticity at a temperature of from 35° C. to 50° C. and a frequency of 0.5 Hz, is less than or equal to 1.000×106.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a single-layer type photosensitive layer that contains a binder resin, a charge generating material, a hole transporting material, and an electron transporting material, wherein a content of the charge generating material in the photosensitive layer is 0.5% by weight or more and less than 2.0% by weight and the charge generating material satisfies expression (1): 30?a/b, wherein a represents the number of the charge generating materials per unit cross-sectional area in a region ranging from the surface side of the film thickness of the photosensitive layer to a point corresponding to ?, and b represents the number of the charge generating materials per unit cross-sectional area in a region ranging from the conductive substrate side of the film thickness of the photosensitive layer to a position corresponding to ?, provided that a case where b is 0 is included.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a singlelayer type photosensitive layer which is provided on the conductive substrate and contains a binder resin, a charge generating material, a hole transporting material, an electron transporting material represented by the formula (1), and a fluorenone compound represented by the formula (2): wherein R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group, and R18 represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group; and wherein R21, R22, R23, R24, R26, R27, and R28 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group, and R25 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a single-layer photosensitive layer which is provided on the conductive substrate and contains a binder resin, at least one charge generating material selected from a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine pigment and a chlorogallium phthalocyanine pigment, a first electron transporting material defined in the specification, a second electron transporting material defined in the specification, and a hole transporting material defined in the specification, wherein a total content of all electron transporting materials is greater than or equal to 4 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of a total solid content of the photosensitive layer, and an average loss elastic modulus E? of the photosensitive layer, which is obtained by measuring dynamic viscoelasticity at a temperature of from 35° C. to 50° C. and a frequency of 0.5 Hz, is less than or equal to 1.000×106.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a singlelayer type photosensitive layer which is provided on the conductive substrate and contains a binder resin, a charge generating material, a hole transporting material, an electron transporting material represented by the formula (1), and a fluorenone compound represented by the formula (2): wherein R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group, and R18 represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group; and wherein R21, R22, R23, R24, R26, R27, and R28 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group, and R25 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive support and a surface layer provided on the conductive support, wherein electron emitting energy on a surface of the charging member is equal to or less than 10 cps0.5/eV.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a single-layer type photosensitive layer that contains a binder resin, a charge generating material, a hole transporting material, and an electron transporting material, wherein a content of the charge generating material in the photosensitive layer is 0.5% by weight or more and less than 2.0% by weight and the charge generating material satisfies expression (1): 30?a/b, wherein a represents the number of the charge generating materials per unit cross-sectional area in a region ranging from the surface side of the film thickness of the photosensitive layer to a point corresponding to ?, and b represents the number of the charge generating materials per unit cross-sectional area in a region ranging from the conductive substrate side of the film thickness of the photosensitive layer to a position corresponding to ?, provided that a case where b is 0 is included.

Abstract: Provided is an electron transport material represented by formula (1): wherein X represents an oxygen atom or ?C(CN)2; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group; R8, R9, and R10 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, —R11—O—R12, or —R13—CO—O—R14; R11 represents a linear or branched alkylene group; R12 represents a linear or branched alkyl group; R13 represents a single bond or a linear or branched alkylene group; and R14 represents a linear or branched alkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group, provided that at least two or more groups of R8, R9, and R10 represent a group other than a hydrogen atom.

Abstract: Provided is an electron transport material represented by formula (1): wherein X represents an oxygen atom or ?C(CN)2; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group; R8, R9, and R10 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, —R11—O—R12, or —R13—CO—O—R14; R11 represents a linear or branched alkylene group; R12 represents a linear or branched alkyl group; R13 represents a single bond or a linear or branched alkylene group; and R14 represents a linear or branched alkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group, provided that at least two or more groups of R8, R9, and R10 represent a group other than a hydrogen atom.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive base material and a conductive outermost layer provided on the conductive base material, wherein the conductive outermost layer has a ten-point average surface roughness Rz of 2 ?m to 20 ?m and contains a resin and particles in which particles having a particle diameter of 5.0 ?m or more and a circularity of 0.8 or less are 30% by number or less with respect to the total number of particles having a particle diameter of 5.0 ?m or more and particles having a particle diameter of less than 5.0 ?m and a circularity of 0.8 or less are from 20% by number to 80% by number with respect to the total number of particles having a particle diameter of less than 5.0 ?m.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a singlelayer type photosensitive layer that contains a binder resin (A), a charge generating material (B), a positive hole transporting material (C), an electron transporting material (D) whose content is in a range of 10% by weight to 40% by weight with respect to the binder resin (A) and which is represented by the following formula (d), and a terphenyl compound (E): wherein in the formula (d), Rd1, Rd2, Rd3, Rd4, Rd5, Rd6, and Rd7 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aralkyl group, or an aryl group; and Rd8 represents an aralkyl group or an alkyl group.