Abstract: Methods/structures of forming substrate tap structures are described. Those methods/structures may include forming a plurality of conductive interconnect structures on an epitaxial layer disposed on a substrate, wherein individual ones of the plurality of conductive interconnect structures are adjacent each other, forming a portion of a seed layer on at least one of the plurality of conductive interconnect structures, and forming a conductive trace on the seed layer.

Abstract: Methods/structures of forming substrate tap structures are described. Those methods/structures may include forming a plurality of conductive interconnect structures on an epitaxial layer disposed on a substrate, wherein individual ones of the plurality of conductive interconnect structures are adjacent each other, forming a portion of a seed layer on at least one of the plurality of conductive interconnect structures, and forming a conductive trace on the seed layer.

Abstract: A bifunctional total NOx and O2 sensor assembly with an internal reference for high temperature sensing. Two electrochemical total NOx(NO+NO2) measuring systems and method were coupled with a metal/metal oxide internal oxygen reference to detect O2 and NOx simultaneously in a combustion environment using a single sensor. A Pd/PdO-containing reference chamber was sealed within a stabilized zirconia superstructure by a high pressure/temperature bonding method. An amperometric and potentiometric NOx sensor assembly was built on the outside of the Pd/PdO chamber. Pt-loaded zeolite Y was used to obtain total NOx capacity and also to cover the Pt electrodes for detecting oxygen in the presence of NOx.

Abstract: A bifunctional total NOx and O2 sensor assembly with an internal reference for high temperature sensing. Two electrochemical total NOx(NO+NO2) measuring systems and method were coupled with a metal/metal oxide internal oxygen reference to detect O2 and NOx simultaneously in a combustion environment using a single sensor. A Pd/PdO-containing reference chamber was sealed within a stabilized zirconia superstructure by a high pressure/temperature bonding method. An amperometric and potentiometric NOx sensor assembly was built on the outside of the Pd/PdO chamber. Pt-loaded zeolite Y was used to obtain total NOx capacity and also to cover the Pt electrodes for detecting oxygen in the presence of NOx.

Abstract: A total NOx sensor with minimal interferences from CO and O2 includes a yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) pellet and a Pt-loaded zeolite Y layer. Furthermore, three platinum wires are attached to the YSZ surface which operate as the working, counter and reference electrode. A potentiostat is connected to the electrodes to maintain a fixed potential between the reference and working electrode. The potentiostat then monitors the relationship between time and current through the counter electrode.

Abstract: A NOx sensor and a method of manufacturing a NOx sensor array. The NOx sensor includes a base substrate, a plurality of potentiometric sensors, and a plurality of connectors. The plurality of potentiometric sensors are coupled to the base substrate. Each potentiometric sensor generates a potential difference in response to the presence of NOX in a gas specimen. The plurality of connectors are coupled to the plurality of potentiometric sensors. The plurality of connectors connect the plurality of potentiometric sensors to combine the potential differences of the plurality of potentiometric sensors to produce a combined potential difference indicative of a level of NOx within an ambient gas specimen. Use of a filter and appropriate temperature control of filter and sensor minimizes interference from contaminants.

Abstract: A total NOx sensor with minimal interferences from CO and O2 includes a yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) pellet and a Pt-loaded zeolite Y layer. Furthermore, three platinum wires are attached to the YSZ surface which operate as the working, counter and reference electrode. A potentiostat is connected to the electrodes to maintain a fixed potential between the reference and working electrode. The potentiostat then monitors the relationship between time and current through the counter electrode.