Abstract: A sensor includes: a transmitting device which transmits radiation along a path to a medium, and a measuring device which receives measuring radiation resulting from an interaction of the transmitted radiation with the medium and determines a measurand of the medium, with which at least one property of the transmitted radiation interacting with the medium can be determined and/or monitored in a cost-effective, space-saving manner; a prism in the path, through which prism a first portion of the transmitted radiation propagates in the direction of the medium and at which a second portion of the transmitted radiation is reflected; and a reference detector which receives the second component reflected at the prism and provides an output signal representing at least one property of the second component of the transmitted radiation.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method for calibrating a spectrometer, comprising the steps of: transmitting light by means of a light source, wherein the light source has a known and substantially temporally steady emission spectrum; receiving the light as a receiving spectrum; comparing the receiving spectrum to the emission spectrum and determining a deviation; and taking into account the determined deviation during subsequent measurements using the spectrometer, if the deviation is greater than a tolerance value.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes a spectrometric measuring device for a measurement point of the process automation system, including a broadband light source for radiating light through an entrance aperture onto a sample to be measured, wherein the beam bundles of the light form an irradiation plane, a light limiter that limits the light at an angle to the irradiation plane, whereby a different amount of light results at this angle. The device further includes a dispersive element for separating the light according to its wavelength and a detector for receiving light separated according to its wavelength, wherein the light source beams the light through the sample to the entrance aperture, the light limiter and the dispersive element, and the light strikes the detector.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes a spectrometric measuring device for a measurement point of the process automation system, including a broadband light source for radiating light through an entrance aperture onto a sample to be measured, wherein the beam bundles of the light form an irradiation plane, a light limiter that limits the light at an angle to the irradiation plane, whereby a different amount of light results at this angle. The device further includes a dispersive element for separating the light according to its wavelength and a detector for receiving light separated according to its wavelength, wherein the light source beams the light through the sample to the entrance aperture, the light limiter and the dispersive element, and the light strikes the detector.

Abstract: A full mold casting process in which a complete, positive model made of a thermally decomposable material is placed in a molding box and filled with sand; the sand is hardened by tamping it in. Casting metal is poured on the thermally decomposable model and the model is decomposed by the casting heat. In order to fill up the cavities of the model and mold moldings with crucial cavities, reliably with the molding sand, the sand is subjected to either a positive or negative pressure differential during the sand-filling phase to enclose and fill the model. The filling and hardening of the sand is further assisted through the fact that simultaneous vibration of the molding box is carried out while the sand is subjected to pressure differential.