Abstract: Glass vessels are coated by spraying a solution containing 86 to 1,290 g/L of (HO).sub.x Sn(C.sub.2 O.sub.4).sub.y on the 500.degree. to 600.degree. C. hot outer surface of the vessels. The solution may contain oxalic acid, HCl and a portion of the (HO).sub.x Sn(C.sub.2 O.sub.4).sub.y compound may be substituted by a compound (OH).sub.2 SnCl.sub.2. The coatings are uniform.

Abstract: Glass vessels are coated by spraying a solution containing 100 to 1,000 g/L of (OH).sub.2 SnCl.sub.2 on the 500.degree. to 600.degree. C. hot outer surface of the glass vessels. The solution may contain oxalic acid and a portion of the (OH).sub.2 SnCl.sub.2 compound may be substituted by a compound (HO).sub.x Sn(C.sub.2 O.sub.4).sub.y, wherein y is 0.2 to 3.8, y is 1.9 to 0.1 and (2y+x)=4. The coatings are uniform.

Abstract: Electrically conductive halide doped tin-IV-oxide is disclosed which contains divalent tin in an amount not exceeding 2% by weight and also contains 0.1 to 2.5% by weight, particularly 0.1 to 1.0% by weight, of halide.Methods for producing the tin-IV-oxide are also disclosed. The product is suitable for imparting electric conductivity in the form of a filler or pigment to a variety of products such as plastics, lacquer, varnish, paint, paper, textiles and toners, without discoloration of the products.

Abstract: A method for the production of electrically conductive tin-IV-oxide of fine particle size is disclosed. Pursuant to the method, tin oxide and/or tin oxide hydrate is precipitated on a dihydroxy-tin-dichloride solution containing fluoride ions as doping agents. The precipitation is accomplished by adding alkali metal hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, alkali metal carbonate or ammonium carbonate and the tin oxide and/or tin oxide hydrate is separated from the aqueous medium. The separated product is then calcined. The invention also discloses the use of the fluoride-doped tin-IV-oxide by adding it to the various vehicles.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for the preparation of finely divided, electrically conductive tin(IV) oxide. In a first step tin(IV) oxalate and/or oxalates of polymeric tin(IV) compounds are obtained by electrolysis, in which the anode consists of tin or a tin alloy which contains a doping metal, and the cathode consists of a metal or graphite. The two electrodes are separated by a diaphragm or an organic membrane which is permeable to hydrogen ions and oxalic acid solution is used as electrolyte. Tin(IV) oxide is prepared in the second step by calcining the oxalates obtained from the solution of tin(IV) oxalate and/or oxalates of polymeric tin(IV) compounds, to which known doping agents have been added in conventional amounts.

Abstract: Phosphobetaines of the general formula ##STR1## are disclosed in which R.sup.1 is an alkyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with OH groups, or the ##STR2## group, in which R.sup.6 is a divalent alkylene group with 1 to 10 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with OH group,R.sup.2 is a divalent hydrocarbon group with 2 to 10 carbon atoms, the chain of which may be interrupted by one or more nitrogen atoms,R.sup.1, R.sup.5 are the same or different and represent alkyl or benzyl groups andR.sup.4 is an alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms.Also disclosed is the synthesis of these compounds and their use as surface active substances, preferably for the treatment of polar surfaces in the industrial area.