Abstract: A liquid-crystalline medium based on a mixture of polar compounds of positive dielectric anisotropy, including one or more compounds of the general formula I: ##STR1## in which, R is H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1 or 2 to 15 carbon atoms respectively which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or .sub.CF. or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where one or more CH.sub.2 groups in these radicals may also, in each case independently of one another, be replaced by --O--, --S--, ##STR2## --CO--, --CO--O--, --O--CO--, or --O--CO--O-- in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,m is 0 or 1,n is 0, 1 or 2, andm+n is 1, 2 or 3.

Abstract: Fluorinated biphenylcyclohexanes of the formula I ##STR1## in which R, X, Z, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3 and n are as defined herein, are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline media.

Abstract: The invention relates to cyclohexane derivatives of the formula I in which n, m, p, R.sup.1, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, A.sup.1, A.sup.2 and Y are as defined herein.

Abstract: Optical transducers for measuring a contaminant in a gas are disclosed, whereby said contaminant interacts with a liquid crystalline phase as a sensing element in a flow cell. According to the invention nematic crystalline phases on a orientation layer are used. Means are provided to measure or to detect changes of the refractive index of said liquid crystalline phase caused by interaction of said contaminant with said liquid crystalline phase. In preferred embodiments the means for measuring or for detecting the refractive index is a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, a grating coupler, or a device for e.g. visual detection, whereby the flow cell is placed between two linearly polarizing filters, and whereby the two axis of polarization are crossed. Furthermore optical transducers are disclosed, which contain an isotropic dopant in a liquid crystalline phase.

Abstract: The invention relates to fluorocyclohexane derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## in which n, m, R.sup.1, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, A.sup.1 and Y are as defined above.

Abstract: The invention relates to fluorocyclohexane derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3 and X are as defined as below:X is alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, alkenyl or alkenyloxy having 2 to 10 carbon atoms which is unsubstituted or substituted by --CN, --CF.sub.3 or --F, or is --CN, --F, --OCHF.sub.2, --OCF.sub.3, --OCHFCF.sub.3 or --OCF.sub.2 CF.sub.3,L.sup.1, L.sup.2 and L.sup.3 are each, independently of one another, H or F,R.sup.1 is H, an alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1-12 carbon atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF.sub.3 or substituted by halogen, where one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups in these radicals may also, in each case independently of one another, be replaced by --O--, --S--, --CO--, --.diamond.--, --CO--O--, --O--CO-- or --O--CO--O--,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each, independently of one another, --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 O--, --O--, --O--CH.sub.

Abstract: Halovinyloxy-substituted dioxane derivatives of the formula I in which R, X, Y and n are as defined in claim 1, are useful as components of liquid-crystalline media, and in liquid-crystal and electro-optical display elements which contain the novel liquid-crystalline media.

Abstract: The invention relates to fluorocyclohexane derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, y.sup.1, y.sup.2, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, A.sup.1, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, n, m, p and q are as defined above.

Abstract: 1,3-Dioxane compounds of the formula IR.sup.1 --(A.sup.1 --Z.sup.1).sub.m --W--(Z.sup.2 --A.sup.2).sub.n --R.sup.2(I)in whichW is ##STR1## and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, m, n, ##STR2## n.sub.1, n.sup.2, n.sub.3, n.sub.4, n.sub.5, n.sub.6, Z.sup.3 and Z.sup.4 are as defined herein,are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline media.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium based on a mixture of polar compounds of positive dielectric anisotropy, characterized in that it contains one or more compounds of the general formula I ##STR1## in which R, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, X, L and m are as defined in Claim 1.

Abstract: Halovinyl ethers of the general formula I ##STR1## in which R, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, l, m and n are as defined herein are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline media.

Abstract: Novel phenylcyclohexanes of the formula I ##STR1## in which n is 0 to 7, Q.sup.1 and Q.sup.2 are H, or one of these radicals is alternatively CH.sub.3, r is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, A is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene, 3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene or a single bond, X is F, Cl, --CF.sub.3, --CN, --OCF.sub.3 or --OCHF.sub.2, and Y and Z are each, independently of one another, H or F, with the proviso that, in the case where A is a single bond, Q.sup.1 =Q.sup.2 =H and simultaneously X=CN, Y and/or Z are F.

Abstract: Fluorinated biphenylcyclohexanes of the formula I ##STR1## in which R, X, Z, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3 and n are as defined herein, are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline media.

Abstract: 1,3-Dioxanes of the formula I ##STR1## in which R, X, L and ##STR2## are as defined below, are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline media.

Abstract: The invention relates to difluorovinyl ethers of the general formula I ##STR1## in which R, A, X and m are as defined in claim 1, and to the use of these compounds as components of liquid-crystalline media, and to liquid-crystal and electro-optical display elements which contain the novel liquid-crystalline media.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium based on a mixture of polar compounds of positive dielectric anisotropy, characterized in that it contains one or more compounds of the general formula I ##STR1## in which R, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, X, L and m are as defined in claim 1.

Abstract: Fluorobenzene derivatives of formula I, ##STR1## in which R an alkenyl radical as further defined in the specification,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene radical, 1,4-phenylene radical or other cyclic structure as further defined in the specification,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are a single bond or bridging group,L is H or F,m is 0, 1 or 2,Y is F or Cl, andQ is a single bond.

Abstract: The invention relates to liquid crystal compounds having a terminal structure in accordance with formula 1, 2, 3 or 4:--A.sup.3 --OCF.sub.3 1--A.sup.2 --Q--CHF.sub.2 2--3,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene-X.sup.1 3--3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene-X.sup.2 4wherein A.sup.2, A.sup.3, X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 and are defined herein. The invention further relates liquid crystal phases containing the above components as well as electrooptical displays containing same.

Abstract: Novel 1,3-dioxane derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## in which Q is CHalogen.sub.1 H.sub.3-1, CnH.sub.2n+1 --O-- or C.sub.2 H.sub.2n+1 --CH.dbd.CH--, whereHalogen is F or Cl,l is 1, 2 or 3 andn is 0 to 5,r is 0 to 5,X=X'=0 and Y=Y'=CH.sub.2 orX=X'=CH.sub.2 and Y=Y'=O,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each, independently of one another, --C.sub.2 H.sub.4 -- or a single bond,A.sup.1 is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene, 3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene or 3,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene,m is 0, 1 or 2,X is F, Cl, --CF.sub.3, ---CN, --OCF.sub.3 or --OCHF.sub.2 andY and Z are each, independently of one another, H or F, can be used as components of liquid-crystalline media.

Abstract: Fluorobenzene derivatives of the formula I, ##STR1## R, A1, A2, S1, 22, L, m, Y, Q are as defined herein.