Abstract: Various embodiments relate to a method for producing a metal-organic framework (MOF) having a desired redox conductivity and including redox-active linkers, having ?-alkyl-ferrocene groups, via de novo solvothermal synthesis. Various embodiments relate to a metal-organic framework (MOF) linker comprising an ?-alkyl-ferrocene group. Various embodiments relate to a metal-organic framework (MOF), having a first plurality of redox-active linkers, each having an ?-alkyl-ferrocene group. The MOF according to various embodiments, may further have one or more redox-inactive linkers. Various embodiments relate to materials, apparatuses, and components that include the MOF according to various embodiments. For example, various embodiments relate to thin-films, bulk powders, or electrodes.

Abstract: Methods for removing sulfate from a battery electrode, methods for refurbishing batteries, methods of depositing a film on a battery electrode, and refurbished batteries are described. Methods for removing sulfate from a batter electrode include placing the battery electrode in a chelate solution to solubilize the sulfate and remove sulfate deposits from the battery electrode. Methods further include performing electrodeposition of a metal film on a battery electrode using chelate-metal solution resulting from the soaking process.

Abstract: Various embodiments relate to a method for producing a metal-organic framework (MOF) having a desired redox conductivity and including redox-active linkers, having w-alkyl-ferrocene groups, via de novo solvothermal synthesis. Various embodiments relate to a metal-organic framework (MOF) linker comprising an w-alkyl-ferrocene group. Various embodiments relate to a metal-organic framework (MOF), having a first plurality of redox-active linkers, each having an ?-alkyl-ferrocene group. The MOF according to various embodiments, may further have one or more redox-inactive linkers. Various embodiments relate to materials, apparatuses, and components that include the MOF according to various embodiments. For example, various embodiments relate to thin-films, bulk powders, or electrodes.

Abstract: The invention provides a redox flow battery comprising a microporous or nanoporous size-exclusion membrane, wherein one cell of the battery contains a redox-active colloidal particle dispersed in a non-aqueous solvent. The redox flow battery provides enhanced ionic conductivity across the electrolyte separator and reduced redox-active species crossover, thereby improving the performance and enabling widespread utilization of the battery. Redox active colloidal particles (RACs) were prepared, analyzed, and were found to be highly effective redox species for use in redox flow batteries.

Abstract: The invention provides a redox flow battery comprising a microporous or nanoporous size-exclusion membrane, wherein one cell of the battery contains a redox-active polymer dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent or a redox-active colloidal particle dispersed in the non-aqueous solvent. The redox flow battery provides enhanced ionic conductivity across the electrolyte separator and reduced redox-active species crossover, thereby improving the performance and enabling widespread utilization. Redox active poly(vinylbenzyl ethylviologen) (RAPs) and redox active colloidal particles (RACs) were prepared and were found to be highly effective redox species. Controlled potential bulk electrolysis indicates that 94-99% of the nominal charge on different RAPs is accessible and the electrolysis products are stable upon cycling. The high concentration attainable (>2.

Abstract: The invention provides a redox flow battery comprising a microporous or nanoporous size-exclusion membrane, wherein one cell of the battery contains a redox-active colloidal particle dispersed in a non-aqueous solvent. The redox flow battery provides enhanced ionic conductivity across the electrolyte separator and reduced redox-active species crossover, thereby improving the performance and enabling widespread utilization of the battery. Redox active colloidal particles (RACs) were prepared, analyzed, and were found to be highly effective redox species for use in redox flow batteries.

Abstract: The invention provides a redox flow battery comprising a microporous or nanoporous size-exclusion membrane, wherein one cell of the battery contains a redox-active polymer dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent or a redox-active colloidal particle dispersed in the non-aqueous solvent. The redox flow battery provides enhanced ionic conductivity across the electrolyte separator and reduced redox-active species crossover, thereby improving the performance and enabling widespread utilization. Redox active poly(vinylbenzyl ethylviologen) (RAPs) and redox active colloidal particles (RACs) were prepared and were found to be highly effective redox species. Controlled potential bulk electrolysis indicates that 94-99% of the nominal charge on different RAPs is accessible and the electrolysis products are stable upon cycling. The high concentration attainable (>2.