Abstract: In certain embodiments, the invention relates to optical probes and methods for conducting Raman spectroscopy of a material at multiple excitation wavelengths. The probes and methods utilize optical elements to focus outputs from a plurality of light sources or lasers onto a sample, collect backscattered light from the sample, separate Raman spectra from the backscattered light, and provide at least one output containing the spectra. By utilizing multiple excitation wavelengths, the probes and methods avoid Raman measurement issues that may occur due to, for example, fluorescence and/or luminescence.

Abstract: Viscous oil residues are located based on fluorescence polarization. Methods and apparatus in accordance with the invention may be integrated with autonomous and remotely operated undersea vehicles to map the location of oil spills.

Abstract: Viscous oil residues are located based on fluorescence polarization. Methods and apparatus in accordance with the invention may be integrated with autonomous and remotely operated undersea vehicles to map the location of oil spills.