Abstract: A control system has at least one electronic control unit for controlling an internal combustion engine in a hybrid vehicle, which records at least the vehicle speed and the driver's desired driving performance and the driving performance specified by a safety control system or a driver assistance system. The control unit is designed such that, below a pre-defined vehicle speed threshold and/or in the event of recognition of an urban area, while in a purely electric driving mode, it only engages the internal combustion engine when the current desired driving performance exceeds a pre-defined upper threshold, preferably once the maximum tractive force at the wheel for purely electric driving is at least reached.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing crystalline methyl N-[2-[[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy]methyl]phenyl]-N-methoxycarbamate (I), comprising a) reacting a compound of formula II with an alkylating agent in the presence of a base in the presence of a polar solvent selected from alcohols and ketons; b) the addition of water.

Abstract: A control system has at least one electronic control unit for controlling an internal combustion engine in a hybrid vehicle, which records at least the vehicle speed and the driver's desired driving performance and the driving performance specified by a safety control system or a driver assistance system. The control unit is designed such that, below a pre-defined vehicle speed threshold and/or in the event of recognition of an urban area, while in a purely electric driving mode, it only engages the internal combustion engine when the current desired driving performance exceeds a pre-defined upper threshold, preferably once the maximum tractive force at the wheel for purely electric driving is at least reached.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing crystalline methyl N-[2-[[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy]methyl]phenyl]-N-methoxycarbamate (I), comprising a) reacting a compound of formula II with an alkylating agent in the presence of a base in the presence of a polar solvent selected from alcohols and ketons; b) the addition of water.

Abstract: A passenger seat including a holding device for a media reproducing apparatus, includes a base holding fixture attached to a backrest of said passenger seat, at least one adapter adapted to be detachably connected with said base holding fixture, said adapter being configured for holding said media reproducing apparatus at said base holding fixture, a standardized electronic interface to the power supply of said media reproducing apparatus, and a protective shutter fixedly connected with said backrest. The protective shutter is adapted to be moved from an open position in which access to said adapter and said media reproducing apparatus is allowed, into a closed position in which said media reproducing apparatus and said adapter are completely covered by said protective shutter. The protective shutter is of break-proof configuration and made at least partially from a translucent material such that a screen is visible through said protective shutter in the closed position.

Abstract: A method for generating information indicative of an impairment of an optical signal, such as a decrease in the OSNR is disclosed. The OSNR may be measured without interpolating out of band noise to in-band noise. Consequently, the optical OSNR of the optical signal after propagating through a reconfigurable network may be determined. The method comprises the step of establishing a spectral model of the optical signal within the optical signal's frequency band, the spectral model comprising a spectral impairment profile added to a model spectrum of the optical signal before the impairment, measuring the spectrum of the optical signal to generate in-band optical signal spectrum information indicative of the spectrum of the optical signal within the optical signal's band and determining at least one value of the spectral impairment profile by applying the spectral model of the optical signal to the in-band optical signal spectrum information.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing 5-chloromethyl-2,3-pyridine dicarboxylic acid anhydrides (I) wherein Z is hydrogen or halogen; Z1 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro; comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (II), wherein the symbols have the meaning given in formula (I), with a chlorinating agent, optionally in the presence of a radical initiator in a solvent selected from halogenated hydrocarbons, and (ii) crystallizing the compound (I) formed in step (i) from a solvent selected from chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, dichloroethane, trichloromethane, dichloromethane, toluene, xylenes, ethyl acetate, methyl tert.-butyl ether, and mixtures thereof. Compounds (I) are useful intermediates in the synthesis of herbicidal imidazolinones.

Abstract: A passenger seat including a holding device for a media reproducing apparatus, includes a base holding fixture attached to a backrest of said passenger seat, at least one adapter adapted to be detachably connected with said base holding fixture, said adapter being configured for holding said media reproducing apparatus at said base holding fixture, a standardized electronic interface to the power supply of said media reproducing apparatus, and a protective shutter fixedly connected with said backrest. The protective shutter is adapted to be moved from an open position in which access to said adapter and said media reproducing apparatus is allowed, into a closed position in which said media reproducing apparatus and said adapter are completely covered by said protective shutter. The protective shutter is of break-proof configuration and made at least partially from a translucent material such that a screen is visible through said protective shutter in the closed position.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing 5,6-disubstituted-3-pyridylmethyl ammonium bromides (I), wherein Q is a tertiary aliphatic or cyclic, saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic amine; Z is hydrogen or halogen; Z1 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro; Y and Y1 are each independently OR1, NR1R2, or when taken together YY1 is —O—, —S— or NR3—; R1 and R2 are each independently hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkoxy or phenyl optionally substituted with one to three C1-C4 alkyl groups, C1-C4 alkoxy groups or halogen atoms, or phenyl optionally substituted with one to three C1-C4 alkyl groups, C1-C4 alkoxy groups or halogen atoms; R3 is hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl; comprises the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (II), wherein the symbols have the meaning given in formula (I), with bromine in the presence of a radical initiator in a solvent mixture comprising an aqueous phase and an organic phase, where the organic phase comprises a solvent selected from 1,2-dichloroethane

Abstract: A process for manufacturing 5-chloromethyl-2,3-pyridine dicarboxylic acid anhydrides (I) wherein Z is hydrogen or halogen; Z1 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro; comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (II), wherein the symbols have the meaning given in formula (I), with a chlorinating agent, optionally in the presence of a radical initiator in a solvent selected from halogenated hydrocarbons, and (ii) crystallizing the compound (I) formed in step (i) from a solvent selected from chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, dichloroethane, trichloromethane, dichloromethane, toluene, xylenes, ethyl acetate, methyl tert.-butyl ether, and mixtures thereof. Compounds (I) are useful intermediates in the synthesis of herbicidal imidazolinones.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing 5-chloromethyl-2,3-pyridine dicarboxylic acid anhydrides (I) wherein Z is hydrogen or halogen; Z1 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro; comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (II), wherein the symbols have the meaning given in formula (I), with a chlorinating agent, optionally in the presence of a radical initiator in a solvent selected from halogenated hydrocarbons, and (ii) crystallizing the compound (I) formed in step (i) from a solvent selected from chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, dichloroethane, trichloromethane, dichloromethane, toluene, xylenes, ethyl acetate, methyl tert.-butyl ether, and mixtures thereof. Compounds (I) are useful intermediates in the synthesis of herbicidal imidazolinones.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a 5-formyl-pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid ester (I) wherein Z is hydrogen or halogen; Z1 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro and R1, R2 are independently C1-C10-alkyl, comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (II), wherein the symbols are as in formula (I), with a nitrosation agent (III) R3—O—N?O (III) wherein R3 is C1-C8-alkyl, in the presence of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alcoholates or carbonates in a polar aprotic solvent at a temperature of from ?45 to 40° C., to obtain an oxime compound (IV) where Z, Z1, R1 and R2 are as in formula (I), and (ii) reacting oxime compound (IV) with an aliphatic C1-C10-aldehyde in the presence of a Lewis acid at a temperature in the range of from 0 to 100° C. The compounds of formula (I) are useful intermediates in the synthesis of herbicidal imidazolinones, like imazamox.

Abstract: 2-[(1-cyanopropyl)carbamoyl]-5-chloromethyl nicotinic acids of formula (I) where Z is hydrogen or halogen; Z1 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro; R1 is C1-C4 alkyl; R2 is C1-C4 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl or R1 and R2, when taken together with the atom to which they are attached, represent a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted with methyl, and R3 is hydrogen or a cation preferably selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, manganese, copper, iron, zinc, cobalt, lead, silver, nickel, ammonium and organic ammonium; are useful intermediates for the synthesis of herbicidal imidazolinones.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a 5-formyl-pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid ester (I) wherein Z is hydrogen or halogen; Z1 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro and R1, R2 are independently C1-C10-alkyl, comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (II), wherein the symbols are as in formula (I), with a nitrosation agent (III) R3—O—N?O (III) wherein R3 is C1-C8-alkyl, in the presence of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alcoholates or carbonates in a polar aprotic solvent at a temperature of from ?45 to 40° C., to obtain an oxime compound (IV) where Z, Z1, R1 and R2 are as in formula (I), and (ii) reacting oxime compound (IV) with an aliphatic C1-C10-aldehyde in the presence of a Lewis acid at a temperature in the range of from 0 to 100° C. The compounds of formula (I) are useful intermediates in the synthesis of herbicidal imidazolinones, like imazamox.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing 5-chloromethyl-2,3-pyridine dicarboxylic acid anhydrides (I) wherein Z is hydrogen or halogen; Z1 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro; comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (II), wherein the symbols have the meaning given in formula (I), with a chlorinating agent, optionally in the presence of a radical initiator in a solvent selected from halogenated hydrocarbons, and (ii) crystallizing the compound (I) formed in step (i) from a solvent selected from chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, dichloroethane, trichloromethane, dichloromethane, toluene, xylenes, ethyl acetate, methyl tert.-butyl ether, and mixtures thereof. Compounds (I) are useful intermediates in the synthesis of herbicidal imidazolinones.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing 5,6-disubstituted-3-pyridylmethyl ammonium bromides (I), wherein Q is a tertiary aliphatic or cyclic, saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic amine; Z is hydrogen or halogen; Z1 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro; Y and Y1 are each independently OR1, NR1R2, or when taken together YY1 is —O—, —S— or NR3—; R1 and R2 are each independently hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with C1-C4 alkoxy or phenyl optionally substituted with one to three C1-C4 alkyl groups, C1-C4 alkoxy groups or halogen atoms, or phenyl optionally substituted with one to three C1-C4 alkyl groups, C1-C4 alkoxy groups or halogen atoms; R3 is hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl; comprises the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (II), wherein the symbols have the meaning given in formula (I), with bromine in the presence of a radical initiator in a solvent mixture comprising an aqueous phase and an organic phase, where the organic phase comprises a solvent selected from 1,2-dichloroethane,

Abstract: 2-[(1-cyanopropyl)carbamoyl]-5-chloromethyl nicotinic acids of formula (I) where Z is hydrogen or halogen; Z1 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro; R1 is C1-C4 alkyl; R2 is C1-C4 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl or R1 and R2, when taken together with the atom to which they are attached, represent a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted with methyl, and R3 is hydrogen or a cation preferably selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, manganese, copper, iron, zinc, cobalt, lead, silver, nickel, ammonium and organic ammonium; are useful intermediates for the synthesis of herbicidal imidazolinones.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing 2-halopyridinecarboxamides of primary aromatic monoamines I which have a substituent other than hydrogen in the ortho-position to the amino group by reaction of 2-halopyridinecarbonyl chloride II with the aromatic monoamine I, which comprises carrying out the reaction in a solvent mixture comprising water and at least one water-immiscible organic solvent in the presence of none or less than 10 mol %, based on the 2-halopyridinecarbonyl chloride II, of a base other than I or II.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for motor vehicles for characterizing one of several variants of an electrically controllable subassembly is provided. A subassembly is connectable to a coding plug. The coding plug has at least one electric terminal which is directly or indirectly connectable to a measurement input of an analyzer unit. The coding plug has fixed electric wiring by means of which a defined electric state may be generated at the measurement input in the analyzer unit. The electric state is detected in the analyzer unit and compared with stored data, by means of which a defined electric state that can be differentiated from all other states is assigned to each possible variant of the subassembly.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for motor vehicles for characterizing one of several variants of an electrically controllable subassembly is provided. A subassembly is connectable to a coding plug. The coding plug has at least one electric terminal which is directly or indirectly connectable to a measurement input of an analyzer unit. The coding plug has fixed electric wiring by means of which a defined electric state may be generated at the measurement input in the analyzer unit. The electric state is detected in the analyzer unit and compared with stored data, by means of which a defined electric state that can be differentiated from all other states is assigned to each possible variant of the subassembly.