Abstract: A fuel cell device for providing electrical energy, the fuel cell device comprising a first storage tank for storing a hydrogen-based fuel, a second storage tank for storing an oxidant, a fuel cell portion having an electron input, an electrolysis portion having an electron output, and an electrolyte recovery unit. A method for generating electrical energy using a fuel cell device having a fuel cell portion and an electrolysis portion is also provided.

Abstract: A fuel cell device for providing electrical energy, the fuel cell device comprising a first storage tank for storing a hydrogen-based fuel, a second storage tank for storing an oxidant, a fuel cell portion having an electron input, an electrolysis portion having an electron output, and an electrolyte recovery unit. A method for generating electrical energy using a fuel cell device having a fuel cell portion and an electrolysis portion is also provided.

Abstract: The invention includes an apparatus to improve the efficiency of motors and generators by reducing counter electro motive force, including rotary and reciprocating piston embodiments constructed and arranged such that the motion is aided by the magnetic field rather than hindered.

Abstract: The invention encompasses a circuit that is capable of driving a load with the current as electrons flow during equilibration from a high-potential battery bank to a low-potential bank. The cells comprising each battery bank can be switched from being in parallel to each other to being in series; this switch causes the potential of each battery bank to change and thereby creates a relative potential difference between the cells. By switching the battery banks so that one bank is parallel and the other is serial, allowing the battery banks to equilibrate, and then switching the cells in the battery banks after equilibration from parallel to serial and serial to parallel, a potential difference can be recreated repeatedly and current flow maintained.