Abstract: A continuous feed lyophilizer drying chamber that has an overall internal volume, a primary drying stage portion having a primary drying stage internal volume, a secondary drying stage portion having an internal volume, a frozen formulation feed inlet that provides frozen formulation droplets into the internal volume of the primary drying stage of the drying chamber and a dried particle outlet proximate an end of the continuous feed lyophilizer drying chamber configured to provide dried formulation droplet particles. The primary drying stage typically makes up from about 65-75% of the overall internal volume of the drying chamber and the secondary drying stage makes up from 25 to 35% of the overall internal volume of the drying chamber. The drying chamber dries frozen formulation droplets received into the primary drying stage internal volume via the frozen formulation feed inlet.

Abstract: A continuous feed lyophilizer drying chamber that has an overall internal volume, a primly drying stage portion having a primary drying stage internal volume, a secondary drying stage portion having an internal volume, a frozen formulation feed inlet that provides frozen formulation droplets into the internal volume of the primary drying stage of the drying chamber and a dried particle outlet proximate an end of the continuous feed lyophilizer drying chamber configured to provide dried formulation droplet particles. The primary drying stage typically makes up from about 65-75% of the overall internal volume of the drying chamber and the secondary drying stage makes up from 25 to 35% of the overall internal volume of the drying chamber. The drying chamber dries frozen formulation droplets received into the primary drying stage internal volume via the frozen formulation feed inlet.

Abstract: A request to send a file is received. A file type for the file is identified. For example, the file type may a Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) file or a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. In response to receiving the request to send the file and identifying the file type for the file, a format of the file is reordered. Reordering the format of the file is based on an application and/or an application type that will be receiving the file. For example, the application may be an Adobe Acrobat® reader that is receiving a PDF file that has been reordered for more efficient reading.

Abstract: A system and methods for generating dynamic market pricing that is fair for both publishers and advertisers and the use of the pricing in real-time auctions. When a user views content over the internet, an online publisher provides content to the user with executable instructions, which notify an advertisement source that there is an impression for filling by an advertiser. The impression is submitted to a real-time bidding market for competing advertisers to bid to fill the impression with an advertisement. The system and methods generate dynamic pricing for the individual competing advertisers and use the dynamic pricing to compare advertiser bids to determine a highest or winning bid and a clearing price associated with the highest or winning bid.

Abstract: A continuous feed lyophilizer drying chamber that has an overall internal volume, a primly drying stage portion having a primary drying stage internal volume, a secondary drying stage portion having an internal volume, a frozen formulation feed inlet that provides frozen formulation droplets into the internal volume of the primary drying stage of the drying chamber and a dried particle outlet proximate an end of the continuous feed lyophilizer drying chamber configured to provide dried formulation droplet particles. The primary drying stage typically makes up from about 65-75% of the overall internal volume of the drying chamber and the secondary drying stage makes up from 25 to 35% of the overall internal volume of the drying chamber. The drying chamber dries frozen formulation droplets received into the primary drying stage internal volume via the frozen formulation feed inlet.

Abstract: A telescopic bicycle seatpost is adjustable to fit on many different bicycle sizes, for riders of different heights and leg length. The telescopic length of the seatpost is able to be adjusted after the seatpost has been installed on the bicycle and without removing the seatpost from the frame, which enables the frame and seatpost combination to be quickly adjusted for different users of the same bicycle, in instances where the bicycle is shared between two or more riders or is used as part of a rental fleet.

Abstract: A request to send a file is received. A file type for the file is identified. For example, the file type may a Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) file or a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. In response to receiving the request to send the file and identifying the file type for the file, a format of the file is reordered. Reordering the format of the file is based on an application and/or an application type that will be receiving the file. For example, the application may be an Adobe Acrobat® reader that is receiving a PDF file that has been reordered for more efficient reading.

Abstract: A bicycle cassette comprises two segments that are attached together thereby forming a composite cassette that can be attached to a rear bicycle hub driver body. The bicycle cassette allows for the use of a smaller sprocket on one segment of the cassette because the smaller sprockets can overhang the hub driver body. Specifically, the cassette allows a small 9 or 10 tooth sprocket to overhang the cassette driver body on the bicycle hub by attaching a small sprocket assembly to a larger sprocket assembly using a locking, bayonet style attachment.

Abstract: A telescopic, height adjustable, bicycle seatpost with a fixed frame insertion length, but adjustable uncompressed resting height is described herein. This telescopic bicycle seatpost with adjustable height and fixed frame insertion provides a unique structure and method for setting the uncompressed resting height of a telescopic bicycle seatpost, while using a fixed insertion length into the bicycle frame. The assembly allows a single telescopic bicycle seatpost to fit on many different sizes of bicycle, for cyclists of varied height and leg length, while maximizing the telescoping length of the seatpost for each situation, without requiring various lengths of seatpost to be manufactured. Instead, the telescoping length of the seatpost may be adjusted for cyclists of different height, allowing for one seatpost to fit many size frames and cyclists, while allowing each individual to maximize the telescoping length for their particular setup.

Abstract: A composite bicycle crank with an integral spindle attachment structure provides a unique method for attaching a bicycle crank arm to a bicycle crank spindle, and also for attaching a bicycle crank arm to a crank arm insert. A light-weight crank arm is able to be manufactured separately from the crank spindle or insert, and then securely attached after both pieces have been made. This allows for the pieces of the crank assembly to be manufactured from one or more different materials, and securely connected after manufacturing, to create a lower weight assembly than would be possible otherwise.

Abstract: A system and methods for generating dynamic market pricing that is fair for both publishers and advertisers and the use of the pricing in real-time auctions. When a user views content over the internet, an online publisher provides content to the user with executable instructions, which notify an advertisement source that there is an impression for filling by an advertiser. The impression is submitted to a real-time bidding market for competing advertisers to bid to fill the impression with an advertisement. The system and methods generate dynamic pricing for the individual competing advertisers and use the dynamic pricing to compare advertiser bids to determine a highest or winning bid and a clearing price associated with the highest or winning bid.

Abstract: A telescopic bicycle seatpost is adjustable to fit on many different bicycle sizes, for riders of different heights and leg length. The telescopic length of the seatpost is able to be adjusted after the seatpost has been installed on the bicycle and without removing the seatpost from the frame, which enables the frame and seatpost combination to be quickly adjusted for different users of the same bicycle, in instances where the bicycle is shared between two or more riders or is used as part of a rental fleet.

Abstract: A system and methods for generating dynamic market pricing that is fair for both publishers and advertisers and the use of the pricing in real-time auctions. When a user views content over the internet, an online publisher provides content to the user with executable instructions, which notify an advertisement source that there is an impression for filling by an advertiser. The impression is submitted to a real-time bidding market for competing advertisers to bid to fill the impression with an advertisement. The system and methods generate dynamic pricing for the individual competing advertisers and use the dynamic pricing to compare advertiser bids to determine a highest or winning bid and a clearing price associated with the highest or winning bid.

Abstract: A bicycle cassette comprises two segments that are attached together thereby forming a composite cassette that can be attached to a rear bicycle hub driver body. The bicycle cassette allows for the use of a smaller sprocket on one segment of the cassette because the smaller sprockets can overhang the hub driver body. Specifically, the cassette allows a small 9 or 10 tooth sprocket to overhang the cassette driver body on the bicycle hub by attaching a small sprocket assembly to a larger sprocket assembly using a locking, bayonet style attachment.

Abstract: A bicycle cassette comprises two segments that are attached together thereby forming a composite cassette that can be attached to a rear bicycle hub driver body. The bicycle cassette allows for the use of a smaller sprocket on one segment of the cassette because the smaller sprockets can overhang the hub driver body. Specifically, the cassette allows a small 9 or 10 tooth sprocket to overhang the cassette driver body on the bicycle hub by attaching a small sprocket assembly to a larger sprocket assembly using a locking, bayonet style attachment.

Abstract: Mipping systems and methods are disclosed. For example, a mipping system can include processing circuitry configured to receive combinations of a plurality of pixels N at a time, each pixel having material codes directed to respective materials of the pixels, where the material codes relate to infrared properties of the respective materials, and N is a positive integer greater than 1; and train an artificial neural network having a classification space by providing respective neurons for each unique combination of material codes, and condition the artificial neural network so that the respective neurons activate when presented with their unique of material code combinations in order to create a combined set of material code parameters for accurate rendering of the mipped pixels.

Abstract: A composite bicycle crank with an integral spindle attachment structure provides a unique method for attaching a bicycle crank arm to a bicycle crank spindle, and also for attaching a bicycle crank arm to a crank arm insert. A light-weight crank arm is able to be manufactured separately from the crank spindle or insert, and then securely attached after both pieces have been made. This allows for the pieces of the crank assembly to be manufactured from one or more different materials, and securely connected after manufacturing, to create a lower weight assembly than would be possible otherwise.

Abstract: A bicycle cassette comprises two segments that are attached together thereby forming a composite cassette that can be attached to a rear bicycle hub driver body. The bicycle cassette allows for the use of a smaller sprocket on one segment of the cassette because the smaller sprockets can overhang the hub driver body. Specifically, the cassette allows a small 9 or 10 tooth sprocket to overhang the cassette driver body on the bicycle hub by attaching a small sprocket assembly to a larger sprocket assembly using a locking, bayonet style attachment.

Abstract: Mipping systems and methods are disclosed. For example, a mipping system can include processing circuitry configured to receive combinations of a plurality of pixels N at a time, each pixel having material codes directed to respective materials of the pixels, where the material codes relate to infrared properties of the respective materials, and N is a positive integer greater than 1; and train an artificial neural network having a classification space by providing respective neurons for each unique combination of material codes, and condition the artificial neural network so that the respective neurons activate when presented with their unique of material code combinations in order to create a combined set of material code parameters for accurate rendering of the mipped pixels.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present invention provides methods of determining whether an agent is more like a partial agonist of a target molecule than a full agonist of the same target molecule. In another aspect, the present invention provides methods to select a candidate compound that may reduce blood plasma glucose concentration in a mammal. Populations of genes are provided that are useful in the practice of the present invention.