Abstract: Disclosed is pearl sugar, having a biggest dimension between 5.6 and 8.0 mm, and a dissolution time at 20° C. lying between 3 minutes and 8 minutes, or a biggest dimension of smaller than 5.6, and a dissolution time at 20° C. lying between 1 minute and 3 minutes and 30 seconds. The invention further relates to a process for the preparation of pearl sugar, using a sugar-containing raw material which is brought to a moisture content lying between 0.5 and 4.0 wt. %, an average size of between 0.40 and 1.20 mm, and whereby at most 2 wt. % of particles have a size of at most 0.20 mm.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of thermally inhibited starch and/or thermally inhibited flour having a moisture content lying between 5 and 30 wt. %, having the following steps: a slurrying step, wherein thermally inhibited starch and/or thermally inhibited flour is combined with an aqueous phase to form a slurry; and a drying step, wherein the aqueous phase of the slurry is separated off from the thermally inhibited starch and/or thermally inhibited flour, wherein in the slurrying step the pH of the slurry is brought to a value between 2.0 and 7.5.

Abstract: The prevent invention relates to a fondant comprising a sugar system made up of a first non-crystalline phase and a second crystalline phase, wherein the non-crystalline phase contains isomaltulose and sucrose and wherein the crystalline phase contains isomaltulose. The invention also relates to a method for the production thereof, the use of the fondant as icing, coating or filling for baked goods and baked goods that are completely or partially coated with the fondant according to the invention.

Abstract: The prevent invention relates to: a fondant comprising a sugar system made up of a first non-crystalline phase and a second crystalline phase, wherein the non-crystalline phase contains isomaltulose and sucrose and wherein the crystalline phase contains isomaltulose; a method for the production thereof; use of the fondant as icing, coating or filling for baked goods; and baked goods that are completely or partially coated with the fondant according to the invention.

Abstract: An engine assembly includes an engine, a first turbine operatively connected to the engine, a first valve configured to modulate flow to the first turbine, a controller configured to transmit a primary command signal to the first valve and at least one sensor configured to transmit a sensor feedback to the controller. The controller is configured to obtain a first model output based at least partially on a desired total compressor pressure ratio (?c). A first delta factor is obtained based at least partially on the desired total compressor pressure ratio (?c) and the sensor feedback. The controller is configured to obtain a first valve optimal position based at least partially on the first model output and the first delta factor. The output of the engine is controlled by commanding the first valve to the first valve optimal position.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has a cylinder configured to combust an air-fuel mixture and expel an exhaust gas and a turbocharger for generating a pressurized airflow to the cylinder. The turbocharger includes a turbine scroll defining an inlet and an outlet, an exhaust gas driven rotating assembly having a turbine wheel disposed inside the turbine scroll, and a waste-gate defining an opening. A first sensor detects turbine outlet pressure. A second sensor detects turbine inlet temperature. A controller determines an effective area of the waste-gate opening and an exhaust gas mass flow-rate. The controller also determines a turbine inlet pressure in response to the detected turbine outlet pressure and the turbine inlet temperature, and the determined waste-gate opening effective area and the exhaust gas mass flow-rate. The controller additionally regulates a supply of fuel to the cylinder corresponding to the pressurized airflow affected by the determined turbine inlet pressure.

Abstract: Disclosed is pearl sugar, having a biggest dimension between 5.6 and 8.0 mm, and a dissolution time at 20° C. lying between 3 minutes and 8 minutes, or a biggest dimension of smaller than 5.6, and a dissolution time at 20° C. lying between 1 minute and 3 minutes and 30 seconds. The invention further relates to a process for the preparation of pearl sugar, using a sugar-containing raw material which is brought to a moisture content lying between 0.5 and 4.0 wt. %, an average size of between 0.40 and 1.20 mm, and whereby at most 2 wt. % of particles have a size of at most 0.20 mm.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has a cylinder configured to combust an air-fuel mixture and expel an exhaust gas and a turbocharger for generating a pressurized airflow to the cylinder. The turbocharger includes a turbine scroll defining an inlet and an outlet, an exhaust gas driven rotating assembly having a turbine wheel disposed inside the turbine scroll, and a waste-gate defining an opening. A first sensor detects turbine outlet pressure. A second sensor detects turbine inlet temperature. A controller determines an effective area of the waste-gate opening and an exhaust gas mass flow-rate. The controller also determines a turbine inlet pressure in response to the detected turbine outlet pressure and the turbine inlet temperature, and the determined waste-gate opening effective area and the exhaust gas mass flow-rate. The controller additionally regulates a supply of fuel to the cylinder corresponding to the pressurized airflow affected by the determined turbine inlet pressure.

Abstract: The prevent invention relates to a fondant comprising a sugar system made up of a first non-crystalline phase and a second crystalline phase, wherein the non-crystalline phase contains isomaltulose and sucrose and wherein the crystalline phase contains isomaltulose. The invention also relates to a method for the production thereof, the use of the fondant as icing, coating or filling for baked goods and baked goods that are completely or partially coated with the fondant according to the invention.

Abstract: A method of estimating a boost pressure of a turbocharger is disclosed. A throttle body temperature is estimated as a function of engine operating parameters. An intake air mass flow and an exhaust mass flow are estimated as a function of the throttle body temperature. A turbine inlet pressure and a turbine outlet pressure are estimated as a function of engine operating parameters. A turbine speed is estimated as a function of the intake air mass flow, exhaust mass flow and turbine inlet and outlet pressure. The boost pressure is estimated as a function of the turbine speed. Estimation of the maximum boost pressure of a turbocharged internal combustion engine is performed method cyclically as follows: estimating a throttle temperature, estimating an air mass flow and an exhaust mass flow, estimating a turbine inlet pressure and a turbine outlet pressure, estimating a turbine speed, and estimating the maximum boost pressure.

Abstract: The prevent invention relates to a fondant comprising a sugar system made up of a first non-crystalline phase and a second crystalline phase, wherein the non-crystalline phase contains isomaltulose and sucrose and wherein the crystalline phase contains isomaltulose. The invention also relates to a method for the production thereof, the use of the fondant as icing, coating or filling for baked goods and baked goods that are completely or partially coated with the fondant according to the invention.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for operating an internal combustion engine for a motor vehicle, in particular a passenger car having a turbocharger with a compressor and a turbine. The method includes determining a change quantity of a gas flow quantity of a gas flow through the internal combustion engine and regulating the compressor based on this change quantity.

Abstract: A method for the load-dependent opening and closing of a blow-off valve flap of an internal combustion engine with a turbocharger is provided, in which by at least one detector on an internal combustion engine inlet side, at least one air pressure value, one air mass flow value and/or an opening position of a valve of the suction pipe are detected and transmitted to a control device. By the control device from the received values a current load of the internal combustion engine is determined, and by the control device based on the determined current load of the internal combustion engine and/or of the turbocharger, control inputs for an actuator of the blow-off valve flap are generated and transmitted to the actuator. The blow-off valve flap is completely opened, partially opened, minimally opened or closed and held in the respective position by the actuator dependent on the current load.

Abstract: The prevent invention relates to a fondant comprising a sugar system made up of a first non-crystalline phase and a second crystalline phase, wherein the non-crystalline phase contains isomaltulose and sucrose and wherein the crystalline phase contains isomaltulose. The invention also relates to a method for the production thereof, the use of the fondant as icing, coating or filling for baked goods and baked goods that are completely or partially coated with the fondant according to the invention.

Abstract: A method for the load-dependent opening and closing of a blow-off valve flap of an internal combustion engine with a turbocharger is provided, in which by at least one detector on an internal combustion engine inlet side, at least one air pressure value, one air mass flow value and/or an opening position of a valve of the suction pipe are detected and transmitted to a control device. By the control device from the received values a current load of the internal combustion engine is determined, and by the control device based on the determined current load of the internal combustion engine and/or of the turbocharger, control inputs for an actuator of the blow-off valve flap are generated and transmitted to the actuator. The blow-off valve flap is completely opened, partially opened, minimally opened or closed and held in the respective position by the actuator dependent on the current load.

Abstract: A method of estimating a boost pressure of a turbocharger is disclosed. A throttle body temperature is estimated as a function of engine operating parameters. An intake air mass flow and an exhaust mass flow are estimated as a function of the throttle body temperature. A turbine inlet pressure and a turbine outlet pressure are estimated as a function of engine operating parameters. A turbine speed is estimated as a function of the intake air mass flow, exhaust mass flow and turbine inlet and outlet pressure. The boost pressure is estimated as a function of the turbine speed. Estimation of the maximum boost pressure of a turbocharged internal combustion engine is performed method cyclically as follows: estimating a throttle temperature, estimating an air mass flow and an exhaust mass flow, estimating a turbine inlet pressure and a turbine outlet pressure, estimating a turbine speed, and estimating the maximum boost pressure.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for operating an internal combustion engine for a motor vehicle, in particular a passenger car having a turbocharger with a compressor and a turbine. The method includes determining a change quantity of a gas flow quantity of a gas flow through the internal combustion engine and regulating the compressor based on this change quantity.