Abstract: A method for calibrating a surface temperature sensing system configured for determining a surface temperature of a measuring object, wherein the surface temperature sensing system comprises a first surface adapter and a temperature measurement unit; and wherein the surface temperature sensing system is mountable at the measuring object using the first surface adapter, the method including thermally coupling the temperature measurement unit to a surface of a calibration object at a second surface adapter; determining a temperature of the surface of the calibration object utilizing the temperature measurement unit; and determining a calibration value, based on a comparison of the determined temperature of the surface of the calibration object with a calibration temperature of the surface of the calibration object, for calibrating the surface temperature sensor.

Abstract: A measurement system for determining a physical parameter of a pipe-fluid system includes a pair of confining elements configured to decrease surface vibration deformations at an outer surface of each end of the pipe-fluid system; wherein each confining element comprise a supporting frame configured to be detachably mounted on a pipe of the pipe-fluid system; and a fixation element configured to be detachably mounted for mechanically coupling the supporting frame with an outer surface of the pipe; an excitation system, configured to generate a mechanical vibration spectrum at a surface of the pipe-fluid system; and a vibration measurement device configured to be mechanically coupled to an outer surface of the pipe-fluid system, and configured to provide a mechanical vibration spectrum of the pipe-fluid system.

Abstract: A temperature sensor assembly configured to determine a temperature of a surface of a vessel wall, comprising: a housing and a head element, wherein the head element is removably arranged on the housing; a first thermal rod comprising a temperature measurement sensor; and/or a second thermal rod, comprising a reference temperature sensor; wherein the first thermal rod and the second thermal rod are connected to the head element such that the first thermal rod and/or the second thermal rod are removable from the housing with the head element.

Abstract: A detection system for detecting an electrical discharge in an electrical apparatus includes a first sensing device that senses an acoustic wave and an electromagnetic wave and generates a first combined signal. A signal processing device processes the first combined signal and determines the occurrence and properties of an electrical discharge.

Abstract: A system and method includes an infrared camera; a processing unit; and an output unit. The infrared camera is configured to acquire a plurality of infrared images of the device, wherein the plurality of infrared images comprises a first infrared image and a second infrared image acquired a time period after the first infrared image. The processing unit is configured to determine a pixel in the first infrared image with a hottest temperature and determine a pixel in the second infrared image with a hottest temperature. The processing unit is configured to determine a first number of pixels in the first infrared image that have a temperature within a threshold temperature of the hottest temperature of the first infrared image and determine a second number of pixels in the second infrared image that have a temperature within the threshold temperature of the hottest temperature of the second infrared image.

Abstract: A fault detection system and method includes a sensor; a processing unit; and an output unit. The sensor is configured to acquire temperature data at a sensor location of a device, wherein the temperature data comprises first temperature data and second temperature data acquired a first time period after the first temperature data. The processing unit determines a temperature magnitude comprising utilization of the first temperature data and/or the second temperature data, and determines a rate of change of temperature. The processing unit predicts a temperature at a location of the device using the temperature magnitude, the rate of change of temperature, and a correlation, wherein the correlation is a correlation of a plurality of temperature magnitudes and a plurality of rate of change of temperatures at the sensor location with a plurality of hotspot temperatures at the location.

Abstract: Computer implemented method for determining boundary thermal resistance data (Rbl) of a boundary layer (15), comprising the following steps: obtaining first temperature data (T1) from a first temperature sensor (13), which is arranged at a first pipe section (S1); obtaining second temperature data (T2) from a second temperature sensor (14), which is arranged at a second pipe section (S2); wherein the first temperature sensor (13) and the second temperature sensor (14) are non-invasive temperature sensors; providing process condition data (P); determining boundary thermal resistance data (Rbl) of a boundary layer (15) of the fluid (11) next to an inner surface (16) of the wall of the pipe (12) based on the process condition data (P) and/or based on the first temperature data (T1) and/or the second temperature data (T2).

Abstract: A computer implemented method for determining boundary thermal resistance data of a boundary layer includes obtaining first temperature data from a first temperature sensor, which is arranged at a first pipe section; obtaining second temperature data from a second temperature sensor, which is arranged at a second pipe section, wherein the first temperature sensor is a non-invasive temperature sensor and the second temperature sensor is an invasive temperature sensor; providing process condition data; determining boundary thermal resistance data of a boundary layer of the fluid next to an inner wall of the pipe based on the process condition data.

Abstract: A method for determining a temperature of a fluid flowing through a pipe section includes: determining a temperature of the pipe section; obtaining a reference temperature at a distance from a surface of the pipe section; determining a heat transfer behaviour, in particular a thermal resistance, of a boundary layer of the fluid on an inner wall of the pipe section based on at least one material property and/or at least one value of a state variable of the fluid; and determining the temperature of the fluid based on the heat transfer behaviour of the boundary layer, a heat transfer behavior, in particular a thermal resistance, of the pipe section, the temperature of the pipe section, and the reference temperature.

Abstract: A system for determining at least one calculated process parameter of a fluid in a pipe includes a data interface receiving nominal process parameters, which relate to nominal parameters of a process that relates to the fluid in the pipe; an invasive temperature sensor that determines a fluid temperature; a reference temperature sensor disposed outside of the pipe for determining a reference temperature; a surface temperature sensor disposed at a surface of the pipe for determining a surface temperature; a process model that determines a process parameter by using the reference temperature, the surface temperature, the received nominal process parameters, and the determined fluid temperature.

Abstract: A system for non-invasive determining of a fluid temperature of a fluid in a pipe, comprising a surface temperature sensor disposed at a pipe surface of the pipe; a reference temperature sensor disposed outside of the pipe; a data interface, configured for receiving nominal process parameters; a process parameter sensor, configured for determining at least one measured process parameter, wherein the at least one measured process parameter relates to measured parameters of a process that relates to the fluid in the pipe; and a process model, configured for determining a calculated fluid temperature of the fluid in the pipe by using the determined surface temperature, the determined reference temperature, the received nominal process parameters and the at least one measured process parameter.

Abstract: A temperature measuring device for determining a temperature of a medium via a temperature of a measuring point on a surface surrounding the medium includes: at least one measuring sensor; at least one reference sensor; and a measurement value processing means, which is connected via a first supply line to the at least one measuring sensor and via a second supply line to the at least one reference sensor. The first and second supply lines each are mineral-insulated sheathed lines with an outer sheath of metal, the outer sheath enclosing at least two inner conductors which are insulated from the outer sheath with highly compressed metal oxide powder. The at least one measuring sensor is connected to the at least two inner conductors of the first supply line and the at least one reference sensor is connected to the at least two inner conductors of the second supply line.

Abstract: A detection system for detecting an electrical discharge in an electrical apparatus includes a first sensing device that senses an acoustic wave and an electromagnetic wave and generates a first combined signal. A signal processing device processes the first combined signal and determines the occurrence and properties of an electrical discharge.

Abstract: A method for validating an invasive temperature measurement system includes providing a first temperature data of the invasive temperature measurement system of a medium, the medium surrounded by a vessel wall enclosing the medium; providing a second temperature data of a non-invasive temperature measurement system, the non-invasive temperature measurement system thermally contacting an outside surface of the vessel wall enclosing the medium; determining a temperature of the medium based on the second temperature data medium properties and properties of the vessel wall; and comparing the first temperature data with the determined temperature of the medium to validate the invasive temperature measurement system.

Abstract: A system for monitoring a switchgear includes: an infrared camera for acquiring at least one infrared image of the switchgear; a processing unit for determining a pixel in the at least one infrared image associated with a hottest temperature, determining e pixels in the at least one infrared image associated with a temperature that is within a threshold temperature of the hottest temperature, and determining that a hot spot exists in the switchgear as a determination, the determination being a utilization of the determined pixels in the at least one infrared image; and an output unit for outputting an indication of a fault in the switchgear based on the determined hot spot.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a detection system that includes a first sensing device configured for sensing an acoustic wave and an electromagnetic wave and generating a first combined signal and a signal processing device configured to determine the occurrence and properties of an electrical discharge.

Abstract: A sensing arrangement for detection of electrical discharges in an electrical apparatus is described. The sensing arrangement includes an acoustic sensor and a signal enhancing structure with a funnel region. The acoustic sensor is positioned outside the funnel region on an apex side of the funnel region. An electrical switchgear is described. The electrical switchgear includes a sensing arrangement for detection of electrical discharges in an electrical apparatus. The sensing arrangement includes an acoustic sensor and a signal enhancing structure with a funnel region.

Abstract: A system for monitoring a switchgear includes: an infrared camera for acquiring at least one infrared image of the switchgear; a processing unit for determining a pixel in the at least one infrared image associated with a hottest temperature, determining e pixels in the at least one infrared image associated with a temperature that is within a threshold temperature of the hottest temperature, and determining that a hot spot exists in the switchgear as a determination, the determination being a utilization of the determined pixels in the at least one infrared image; and an output unit for outputting an indication of a fault in the switchgear based on the determined hot spot.

Abstract: A low or medium voltage switchgear monitoring system includes: at least one sensor; a processing unit; and an output unit. The at least one sensor acquires sensor data within a compartment of a switchgear. The sensor data includes first sensor data. The sensor data includes second sensor data. The second sensor data is acquired a set time after the first sensor data. The at least one sensor provides the first sensor data and the second sensor data to the processing unit. The processing unit determines status information for a compartment of the switchgear based on a comparison of the second sensor data to the first sensor data. The output unit outputs the status information.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for detecting an electrical discharge in an electrical apparatus. The method includes sensing an electromagnetic wave using an electrical sensor and generating an electric signal for a predetermined time period, sensing an acoustic wave using an acoustic sensor and generating an acoustic signal for the predetermined time period. The acoustic sensor is associated with at least one compartment of the electrical apparatus. Electrical data is generated based on a quasi-periodic characteristic of electric peak sequences of the electrical signal. Acoustic data is generated based on a quasi-periodic characteristic of acoustic peak sequences of the acoustic signal, wherein the electrical data is combined with the acoustic data to provide an operation status of the at least one compartment.