Abstract: A position measuring system for determining the relative position of a first object and a second object movable relative to one another that includes an incremental track, associated with a first object and having a periodic line structure that has individual lines and a scanning unit, associated with a second object movable relative to the first object, that scans said periodic line structure and that generates a corresponding incremental signal. A sensor system that generates absolute position information pertaining to the relative position of the first and second objects, wherein the width of the individual lines, as measured along a longitudinal direction of the incremental track, varies over at least a portion of the breadth of the incremental track, as measured in a direction transverse to the longitudinal direction, in such a way that a structure with absolute position information is superimposed on the periodic line structure.

Abstract: A position measuring system for determining the relative position of a first object and a second object movable relative to one another that includes an incremental track, associated with a first object and having a periodic line structure that has individual lines and a scanning unit, associated with a second object movable relative to the first object, that scans said periodic line structure and that generates a corresponding incremental signal. A sensor system that generates absolute position information pertaining to the relative position of the first and second objects, wherein the width of the individual lines, as measured along a longitudinal direction of the incremental track, varies over at least a portion of the breadth of the incremental track, as measured in a direction transverse to the longitudinal direction, in such a way that a structure with absolute position information is superimposed on the periodic line structure.

Abstract: An optical position measuring system including a scale that has at least two partial measuring graduations that have different graduation periods and a scanning unit that is movable relative to the scale along a measuring direction. The scanning unit includes a light source that emits light beams, a reflector element and a detector element, wherein the light beams emitted by the light source are deflected several times by the reflector element in the direction of the course of propagation of the emitted light beams and impinge several times on said scale before they impinge on said detector element, on which scanning signals, which are modulated as a function of displacement, are detected.

Abstract: A photoelectric path- and angle-measurement system for measuring the displacement of two objects relative to one another comprises a quantity N=n.multidot.4 of photoreceivers which are arranged in a photoreceiver matrix in such a way that the diagonals of the photoreceivers lie parallel to the diagonals of the photoreceiver matrix and the photoreceivers which detect the same phase position are electrically connected with one another, and these signals are fed to an evaluating circuit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a flat field lens having an image splitting effect, comprising a generally planar lens of substantially transparent material having an optical axis; and a plurality of deformations of identical cross-sectional configuration formed on concentric paths about the optical axis of the transparent lens. Each of the deformations has at least two light-refracting surfaces which are symmetrical to an axis of the deformation, wherein the axis of symmetry of each deformation lying on the same concentric path has the same inclination with respect to the optical axis, and the inclination of the axes of symmetry of deformations located on radially adjacent concentric paths varies, preferably constantly, with respect to the optical axis.

Abstract: Disclosed is a photoelectric incident light distance measuring device, comprising a light source; a reflecting scale grating; a reference grating with a lattice constant differing from that of the scale grating; the reference grating being transparent and displaceable with respect to the scale grating; an air space between the two gratings; and a plurality of photoelectric receivers placed at intervals in the direction of the distance to be measured for scanning the scale grating through the reference grating whereby vernier strips are produced, and wherein at least two of the photoelectric receivers are arranged approximately at a distance "x", measured in the direction of the light, from the grating with the larger optically effective lattice constant, wherein:x=a/vwitha=optically effective air space between the reference and scale gratings;v=d.sub.M /(y+d.sub.M)=distortion factor;y=distance of the vernier strips produced by the two gratings;and withd.sub.