Abstract: The invention relates to the use of a physical-technological radiation source in a method for cleaning and conditioning a sensor of a measuring device for determining a constituent substance in a sample, a sensor and an electrochemical measuring device for carrying out said method.

Abstract: A quantity flowmeter for measuring the volume of flow of a pulsating fluid stream has a conduit for a freely movable float which is biased against a stop and is moved away from the stop by successive pulses or droplets of the pulsating fluid stream. The float carries or includes a permanent magnet or an electromagnet, and the conduit is surrounded by a self-inductance coil with turns having a density which varies in or counter to the direction of movement of the float away from the stop. When a pulse causes the float to move away from the stop, voltage signals which are generated by the coil and indicate the speed of movements of the float are transmitted to an integrator which transmits integrated signals to a computer. The computer calculates the volume of flow of successive pulses.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for controlling a system safety valve comprising an operating cylinder for displacing a valve closing member, and in which outflow and inflow solenoid valves communicating with the operating cylinder for guiding hydraulic fluid out of and into the operating cylinder, respectively, are electronically controlled in accordance with the system pressure to enable stepwise opening or closing of the safety valve.