Abstract: A rapid thermal processing system is accurately controlled during a deposition process, in which the emissivity of the substrate material changes as a function of the thickness of the deposited layer, by determining the expected emissivity as a function of time during deposition and applying the expected emissivity to a controller to produce a converted temperature which controls the radiant heat sources of the rapid thermal processing system. In one embodiment, the expected emissivity is used to convert a measured pyrometer temperature into a converted pyrometer temperature. The converted pyrometer temperature is applied to a feedback controller which controls the radiant heaters so that the converted pyrometer temperature equals the desired wafer processing temperature. In another embodiment, the expected emissivity is employed to convert the desired rapid thermal processing temperature into a converted desired rapid thermal processing temperature.

Abstract: Plastic bags used for grass clippings, leaves and other types of garden refuse are difficult to hold open during the filling thereof and although hoop assemblies are known which are wall or ground supported, these are not portable and the debris has to be picked up and transported to the bag and elevated to the open top thereof which may be some three feet from the ground or supporting surface. The present device is a hand-held hoop of resilient plastic tubing with resilient clamps spaced around the hoop to hold the upper end of a plastic bag attached to the hoop. This permits the bag to be held horizontally to the ground thus facilitating the placement of garden debris and the like to be scooped or urged into the bag. A mesh holder for the bag may be used if desired to support the load of the bag and prevent inadvertent displacement thereof from the hoop.