Abstract: The invention provides compositions, methods and devices for noninvasive measurement of the analyte levels in vivo. More specifically, the invention provides a hand-held glucose monitor and an optical coupler that allows for short-term discontinuous and/or continuous information on dynamic in vivo glucose levels. The device may include a optical coupler for optically connecting a skin surface to the device that contains a plurality of zones. These zones contain areas for a variety of purposes including calibration of the instrument, reading of the skin surface, and protection of the instrument.

Abstract: A tunable optical local oscillator is used for optical heterodyne signal detection using an electrooptic Mach-Zehnder modulator to produce a rapidly tunable optical signal from a tunable RF frequency generator. A combination of the Mach-Zehnder modulator and optical fibers for providing stimulated Brillouin scattering are used to suppress unwanted signals for providing a spectrally pure optical local oscillator waveform. Suppression of unwanted optical signals, up to 50 dB, generated by the Mach-Zehnder modulator is obtained, resulting in high spectral purity of the optical local oscillator waveform with an extended tuning range of the tunable optical oscillator equal to the operating bandwidth of up to 60 GHz of the Mach-Zehnder modulators.