Abstract: A de-hydrogenation catalyst and its use in dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons. The catalyst has low cracking activity and comprises gallium or gallium and platinum on an essentially non-acidic and amorphous alumina-phosphate or silica-alumina-phosphate support with an empirical chemical composition of [Al2O3][SiO2]Y[P2O5]Z, wherein Y is between 0 and 0.2 and Z is between 0.01 and 1.1, with a BET surface area above 50 m2/g, as measured by N2 adsorption experiment.

Abstract: A process is provided for dehydrogenating a paraffinic hydrocarbon comprising sending the paraffinic hydrocarbon to a fluidized bed reactor to be contacted at dehydrogenation reaction conditions with a catalyst composition comprising less than about 0.0999 wt % platinum and about 0.05-2.5 wt % Group I or Group II elements or a mixture thereof. The catalytic composition is prepared without addition of tin, gallium, indium, germanium or lead.

Abstract: A process is presented for the formation of a SAPO-34 catalyst product. The process creates a harder, more attrition resistant catalyst for use in the MTO process.

Abstract: A process is presented for the formation of a SAPO-34 catalyst product. The process creates a harder, more attrition resistant catalyst for use in the MTO process.

Abstract: A composition of matter comprising at least one metal-containing spinel which includes a first metal and a second metal having a valence higher than the valence of the first metal, a minor amount of at least one-third metal component effective to promote the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide at sulfur dioxide oxidation conditions, and a minor amount of at least one-fourth metal component effective to promote the reduction of first metal sulfate at first metal sulfate reduction conditions. These compositions are useful, e.g., in hydrocarbon conversion processes, to reduce sulfur oxide and/or nitrogen oxide atmospheric emissions.

Abstract: A process for the removal of sulfur oxides from a gas which comprises (a) contacting the sulfur oxide-containing gas with at least one of certain metal, oxygen-containing components, e.g., modified perovskite-type components, at conditions effective to associate at least a portion of the sulfur oxides with the component to reduce the amount of sulfur oxides in the gas; and (b) contacting the component containing associated sulfur oxides at conditions effective to reduce the amount of sulfur associated with the component.

Abstract: A composition of matter comprising at least one metal-containing spinel which includes a first metal and a second metal having a valence higher than the valence of the first metal, a minor amount of at least one third metal component effective to promote the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide at sulfur dioxide oxidation conditions, and a minor amount of at least one fourth metal component effective to promote the reduction of first metal sulfate at first metal sulfate reduction conditions. These compositions are useful, e.g., in hydrocarbon conversion processes, to reduce sulfur oxide and/or nitrogen oxide atmospheric emissions.

Abstract: An improved process for the production of alkaline earth, aluminum-containing spinel compositions, preferably magnesium, aluminum-containing spinel compositions and at least one additional metal component, comprises combining alkaline earth metal, aluminum and additional metal components at selected pH conditions to form a precipitate and calcining the precipitate to form a spinel composition. The product spinel composition, is particularly suited for use to reduce the amount of sulfur oxides emitted from a catalyst regeneration zone, e.g., a catalytic cracking unit regeneration zone.

Abstract: A passivation process for decreasing the poisonous effects from contamination by metals such as nickel, vanadium and/or iron that can occur during the catalytic conversion of hydrocarbon feedstocks containing such metals is disclosed. The process involves an in situ aluminum passivation for conversion catalysts containing an alumina-containing phase by means of soluble aluminum species contained in that alumina-containing phase.

Abstract: A process for the removal of metal poisons such as nickel, iron and/or vanadium from a hydrocarbon conversion catalyst which includes the step of contacting the catalyst with a sulfur-containing compound to convert at least a portion of the metals on the catalyst to a sulfur-containing metal compound. The weight % sulfur on the thus treated catalyst is controlled to about 40-90%, preferably about 40-75%, of the weight % of the total nickel, vanadium and iron on the catalyst. Preferably, the sulfur-containing compound is hydrogen sulfide in admixture with a reducing gas such as hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide. This step facilitates metal removal in subsequent processing steps.

Abstract: Disclosed is an aqueous phase oxidation for removing at least a portion of metal contaminants such as nickel, vanadium, iron or copper from a catalyst used in a hydrocarbon conversion process. The aqueous phase oxidation comprises: contacting a sulfided metals contaminated catalyst with an aqueous solution comprising soluble metal nitrate ions and a catalytically effective concentration of nitrite ions. Optionally, the sulfided catalyst which has been oxidized can be further treated with an aqueous oxidative and/or reductive wash. The oxidative wash preferably follows the reductive wash for optimal results.

Abstract: A process for the removal of metal poisons such as nickel, iron and/or vanadium from a hydrocarbon conversion catalyst which includes the step of contacting the catalyst with a reductive wash medium comprising an aqueous, preferably saturated, solution of SO.sub.2 to remove at least a portion of the metal poisons. The vanadium and nickel metals may be recovered from the resultant used wash solution for possible metallurgical use. The SO.sub.2 reductively washed catalyst may also be subjected to a subsequent oxidative wash such as hydrogen peroxide wash prior to its return to the hydrocarbon conversion process.

Abstract: An improved demetallization process is disclosed comprising high pressure aqueous phase oxidation of a catalyst contaminated with a metal such as nickel, vanadium, copper and/or iron. The metal-contaminated catalyst can be oxidized in an aqueous phase at high pressure either before regeneration or subsequent to regeneration. Optionally, an oxidative and reductive wash can also be employed.

Abstract: A process for reducing the sulfur content of coal comprising:(1) contacting an aqueous slurry of coal-oil agglomerates at elevated temperature with oxygen; and(2) recovering coal-oil agglomerates wherein the coal has reduced sulfur content.

Abstract: A process for reducing the pyritic sulfur content of coal comprising the steps of:(1) contacting an aqueous slurry of water, an alkaline earth metal base and pyrite-containing coal at elevated temperature with oxygen, said alkaline earth metal base being present in an amount at least equal to the stoichiometric amount of pyrite, and said aqueous slurry being maintained at a pH of from about 5.0 to about 12.0; and(2) recovering coal particles of reduced pyritic sulfur content.

Abstract: A process for reducing the pyritic sulfur content of coal comprising the steps of:(1) contacting an aqueous slurry of water and pyrite-containing coal particles at elevated temperature with oxygen, the contacting of step 1 being such that without step 2 the aqueous slurry would have a pH of less than 5.5;(2) maintaining the aqueous slurry of step 1 at a pH of from about 5.5 to 12.0; and(3) recovering coal particles of reduced pyritic sulfur content.

Abstract: In a catalytic cracking process wherein the cracking catalyst is poisoned and contaminated by metal present in the feedstock, an improved process for the removal of such metal poisons as nickel, iron and/or vanadium is employed which comprises contacting a regenerated and sulfided catalyst with an oxygen-containing gas in a defined temperature range of from about 525.degree. F. to about 725.degree. F. and washing at least a portion of the metal poisons from the catalyst. A preferred wash solution is a reductive wash medium comprising a saturated, aqueous solution of SO.sub.2. The vanadium and nickel metals may be recovered from the resultant used wash solution for possible metallurgical use. The washed catalyst may also be subjected to subsequent oxidative washes such as a hydrogen peroxide wash prior to its return to the catalytic cracking process.

Abstract: An improved catalytic cracking process wherein partial demetallization of a cracking catalyst is employed. The demetallization process involves contacting the catalyst with alternate reductive and oxidative aqueous washes. A preferred oxidative wash medium comprises an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide. The vanadium and nickel metals may be recovered from used wash solutions for metallurgical use.

Abstract: A process for reducing the pyritic sulfur content of coal comprising:(1) contacting coal particles with an aqueous solution of iron complexing agent, and an oxidant; and;(2) recovering coal particles of reduced sulfur content.

Abstract: A process for reducing the sulfur content of coal comprising the steps of:(1) contacting coal particles with an aqueous solution of iron complexing agent, and an oxidant to preferentially oxidize at least a portion of the sulfur in the coal;(2) contacting the oxidized sulfur-containing coal with at least one hydrogen donor material capable of transferring hydrogen to the oxidized sulfur-containing coal under conditions such that hydrogen transfer occurs; and(3) recovering coal products of reduced sulfur content.