Abstract: A staged fluidized catalytic cracker and method for cracking a hydrocarbonaceous material includes a plurality of staged reactors that have catalyst particles flowing in series from one reactor to the next and hydrocarbon feed that is delivered in parallel to the reactors. Between each reactor the partially spent catalyst is actively stripped to partially reactivate the catalyst. Once the catalyst is fully spent in the final reactor the catalyst can be oxidatively regenerated.

Abstract: A staged fluidized catalytic cracker and method for cracking a hydrocarbonaceous material includes a plurality of staged reactors that have catalyst particles flowing in series from one reactor to the next and hydrocarbon feed that is delivered in parallel to the reactors. Between each reactor the partially spent catalyst is actively stripped to partially reactivate the catalyst. Once the catalyst is fully spent in the final reactor the catalyst can be oxidatively regenerated.

Abstract: The operation of fluid catalytic converter (FCC) units can be stabilized through use of tests wherein a first catalyst and a second catalyst are introduced into the FCC unit in at least two different ratios, at two different times, in order to establish the effect of these catalyst ratios on a given operating parameter. This information is used to establish a unit response curve (or unit response envelope) for the catalyst ratios versus the operating parameter. This unit response curve (or envelope) is thereafter used to control the operation of the FCC unit.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for passivating the reactivity of contaminant metals, such as nickel and vanadium, which have been deposited on a catalytic cracking catalyst, by adding to the cracking catalyst a mixture of a calcium-containing material and a magnesium-containing material in a separate reactor in the presence of steam. The preferred calcium-containing material is dolomite and the preferred magnesium-containing material is sepiolite. It is also preferred to include antimony and/or bismuth compounds in the additive mixture.

Abstract: A process for the selective recovery of tar sand bitumen from tar sands using a two-solvent system comprising a halogenated aliphatic solvent in combination with a second solvent selected from an oxygenated compound. The process provides for an inexpensive method for selectively removing substantially metal-free tar sand bitumen from tar sands. The bitumen so recovered renders the same amenable to catalytic desulfurization and upgrading processes.

Abstract: A catalytic process for liquefying coal wherein the life of the catalyst is extended by periodic screening to remove ash-containing particulate matter.

Abstract: A process for separating tar and solid particles from coal liquefaction products using a highly selective halogenated aliphatic solvent which removes essentially all of the tar and solid particles from the coal liquefaction products wherein a minimum amount of energy is used. This is accomplished by contacting said coal liquefaction products with the halogenated aliphatic solvent to form two phases, one containing said tar and solid particles and the other containing said solvent and the remainder of said coal liquefaction products.

Abstract: A process for increasing the fuel yield of coal liquefaction products by extracting the asphaltenes, resins and aromatic compounds from said coal liquefaction products. This is accomplished by contacting said coal liquefaction products with a halogenated aliphatic solvent to form two phases, one containing tar and the other containing said solvent and the remainder of said coal liquefaction products, separating said phases from each other and treating said tar phase with a second solvent to recover asphaltenes, resins and/or aromatics in said tar phase. The resulting asphaltenes, resins and/or aromatics are suitable for upgrading to produce additional synthetic fuel.

Abstract: A catalyst having utility as a downstream catalyst in processes for hydrodesulfurization of asphaltene-containing petroleum oils, coal liquids, shale oils or oils from tar sands which employ both upstream and downstream catalysts in series. The downstream catalyst comprises supported Group VI and Group VIII metals together with a promoting amount of a Group IV-B metal. The particles of said promoted catalyst are elongated extrudates whose surface is provided with a plurality of alternating longitudinal grooves and protrusions. In processes using this catalyst, the upstream catalyst comprises Group VI and Group VIII metals without promotion with Group IV-B metal and the particles of the upstream catalyst may or may not have similar surface grooves. The adaptation of the grooved particle configuration to the promoted catalyst composition provided the early development of a plateau-like aging curve which was not achieved by the adaptation of the grooved shape to a non-promoted catalyst.

Abstract: A process for liquefying coal employing a low temperature preheater zone, a higher temperature non-catalytic hydrocracking zone and a catalytic hydrogenation zone in series. Carbon monoxide passes through the preheater and non-catalytic hydrocracking zones but is removed from the process in advance of the catalytic hydrogenation zone.

Abstract: A process for liquefying coal employing a low temperature preheater zone, a higher temperature non-catalytic hydrocracking zone and a catalytic hydrogenation zone. The process is improved by venting gases from the high temperature hydrocracking zone.

Abstract: A process for converting solid carbonaceous material to a liquid product which involves heating a slurry composed of the solid carbonaceous material and a solvent, together with hydrogen, at elevated temperatures and elevated pressures in the presence of a substantially phosphate-free catalyst comprising a hydrogenating component selected from the group consisting of Group VI and Group VIII metals, their oxides and sulfides, supported on a non-zeolitic carrier, which catalyst is promoted with a minor amount of a Group IV-B metal.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the hydrodesulfurization of residual oil in a plurality of catalyst zones in series with the upstream reactor being removed periodically for a catalyst change. When an upstream zone is taken off-stream for a catalyst change, the fresh feed oil is passed to a succeeding downstream zone so that the downstream catalyst zone is upstaged to the status of an upstream catalyst zone. When a zone is returned to service after a catalyst change, it enters the process as a downstream reactor in the series.

Abstract: A process for the hydrodesulfurization of residual oil in a plurality of catalyst zones in series with the upstream reactor being removed periodically for a catalyst change. When an upstream zone is taken off-stream for a catalyst change, the fresh feed oil is passed to a succeeding downstream zone so that the downstream catalyst zone is upstaged to the status of an upstream catalyst zone. When a zone is returned to service after a catalyst change, it enters the process as a downstream reactor in the series.

Abstract: A multiple stage process for hydrodesulfurizing a residual oil comprising passing the oil downwardly through a plurality of stages in series with an interstage flashing step. A portion of the fresh feed oil continuously or intermittently by-passes the first stage and flows directly to the second stage.

Abstract: A multiple stage process for hydrodesulfurizing a residual oil while passing the oil downwardly through a plurality of stages in series with an interstage flashing step. After the catalyst in the downstream stage is deactivated by coke deposition, fresh feed oil is passed directly to the deactivated catalyst to obtain an extended life in the downstream catalyst.

Abstract: An asphaltene-containing oil hydrodesulfurization process employing stages in series with an interstage flashing step. The second stage catalyst comprises supported Group VI and Group VIII metals together with a promoting amount of Group IV-B metal. The first stage catalyst comprises supported Group VI and Group VIII metals without promotion with Group IV-B metal.

Abstract: An asphaltene-containing oil hydrodesulfurization process employing a downstream catalyst and an upstream catalyst in a reactor. The downstream catalyst comprises supported Group VI and Group VIII metals together with a promoting amount of Group IV-B metal. The upstream catalyst comprises Group VI and Group VIII metals without promotion with Group IV-B metal.

Abstract: An asphaltene-containing oil hydrodesulfurization process employing stages in series with an interstage flashing step. The second stage catalyst comprises Group VI and Group VIII metals together with a promoting amount of Group IV-B metal. The coke level on the second stage catalyst is reduced by intermittent increase and decrease of the hydrogen pressure in the second stage.

Abstract: An asphaltene-containing oil hydrodesulfurization process employing stages in series with an interstage flashing step. The second stage catalyst comprises supported Group VI and Group VIII metals together with a promoting amount of Group IV-B metal. The first stage catalyst comprises supported Group VI and Group VIII metals without promotion with Group IV-B metal. In the process, deactivated first stage catalyst is replaced at least once without replacing the promoted second stage catalyst so that the promoted second stage catalyst is onstream for at least two first stage catalyst cycles.