Abstract: A microwave calorimeter is disclosed for substantially measuring the total icrowave energy in an applied microwave pulse. The microwave calorimeter includes: a housing having a highly reflective interior surface, a microwave absorbing device disposed in the housing for substantially absorbing microwave energy transmitted into the housing and for producing a thermal response proportional to the amount of microwave energy being absorbed, and a measurement device responsive to the thermal response for determining the amount of microwave energy being absorbed by the microwave absorbing device.

Abstract: A spectrum analyzer for analyzing electromagnetic radiation which may be utilized to determine the radiation wavelength and power. The analyzer includes a gas filled chamber which has a collimating lens through which radiation is injected, and a reflective plate that reflects the radiation back toward the lens. A standing wave is created within the chamber having spatially periodic peaks. The chamber gas pressure is regulated to a pressure such that gas breakdown occurs, thereby generating a light pattern at each standing wave peak. The patterns are then photographed, and the patterns' diameters and spacing are measured from the resulting photograph. From the spacing and diameter obtained, wavelength and power may be calculated.

Abstract: An inverse reflex tetrode (IRT) for producing an intense pulsed beam of i includes a real cathode having a curved or conical surface which is substantially transparent to the ions; first anode and second anode, or grid, which are spaced apart and are at the same potential, the first anode being between the real cathode and the second anode and having a curved or conical surface approximately parallel to the surface of the real cathode, and also being formed from a dielectric material such as polyethylene; a curved or conical hollow anode stalk which supports both anodes; and a virtual cathode which is formed by electrons that are emitted by the real cathode and pass through the first anode. The real cathode and first and second anodes are enclosed in a vacuum chamber and are immersed in an applied external magnetic field. The IRT receives an electrical pulse from a high-voltage pulse generator.

Abstract: A high-power gas laser pumped by an intense, pulsed, space charge-and current-neutralized ion beam. A high-pressure gas in the laser cavity is ionized by an ion beam. Atomic processes occur which result in a population inversion for the excited states of the gas. Coherent radiation is then emitted by the excited gas atoms in the inverted state. The light is amplified as it traverses the gas. Multiple traversal can be obtained by using an optical cavity comprising mirrors which reflect the light into the excited gas so that the light can be further amplified with each pass through the cavity. Extraction of light energy is done by using a partially transmitting mirror as part of the optical cavity.

Abstract: A reflex tetrode device for efficiently generating intense, pulsed unidirional ion beams. The device includes two thin, semitransparent anodes spaced from a real cathode which is maintained at ground potential. The first anode is spaced from and faces the real cathode. The second anode is spaced a short distance from the first anode and a virtual cathode is formed beyond the second anode when a sufficiently high electron current flows from the real cathode and through the anodes. The anodes are ring-like or disc-like structures secured to the edges of a support member with their planes perpendicular to the axis of the device between the real and virtual cathodes. The anode structure (i.e., the support member together with the two anodes) is connected to a pulsed high-voltage generator which is operated in positive polarity. Consequently, both anodes are at the same positive potential.