Abstract: Provided herein are polynucleotides comprising sequence configured to bind to a CRISPR effector protein. Modulation of one or more modifications of the polynucleotides can be used to tune the activity of CRISPR effector proteins complexed with the polynucleotides.

Abstract: There is described a water purifying apparatus comprising: (i) at least one water inlet; (ii) an ultra-violet (UVC) radiation chamber connected to the water inlet(s); (iii) a plurality of UVC light emitting diodes (UVC-LEDs) for the emission of UVC light into the radiation chamber; (iv) a control to operate UVC-LEDs in use, and (v) at least one UVC-LED aging monitor to provide feedback to the control.

Abstract: A method of providing at least two outlet purified water streams from a water purification system by providing a first purified water into a first reservoir able to provide an outlet purified water stream. At least a portion of the first purified water is passed from the first reservoir through a water purification process to provide an ultra-purified water stream. The ultra-purified water stream is passed to a second reservoir. An excess of ultra-purified water is provided into the second reservoir beyond a pre-determined quantity, The excess ultra-purified water in the second reservoir is allowed to flow from the second reservoir into the first reservoir. An outlet from the water purification system of an ultra-purified water stream is provided from the second reservoir.

Abstract: A method for monitoring the effectiveness of an ion exchange module in an ultrapure water purification circuit containing ultrapurified water and having a purified water inlet and a point of use outlet and a memory, the method including the steps of measuring the resistivity of ultrapurified water using one or more sensors to provide an ultrapurified benchmark resistivity value Ri; introducing purified water into the circuit and passing the water through the ion exchange module; measuring the resistivity of the water to provide a new water resistivity value Rnew; and comparing Ri and Rnew to determine the effectiveness of the ion exchange module.

Abstract: A method of providing at least two outlet purified water streams from a water purification system by providing a first purified water into a first reservoir able to provide an outlet purified water stream. At least a portion of the first purified water is passed from the first reservoir through a water purification process to provide an ultra-purified water stream. The ultra-purified water stream is passed to a second reservoir. An excess of ultra-purified water is provided into the second reservoir beyond a pre-determined quantity, The excess ultra-purified water in the second reservoir is allowed to flow from the second reservoir into the first reservoir. An outlet from the water purification system of an ultra-purified water stream is provided from the second reservoir.

Abstract: A method for monitoring the effectiveness of an ion exchange module in an ultrapure water purification circuit containing ultrapurified water and having a purified water inlet and a point of use outlet and a memory, the method including the steps of measuring the resistivity of ultrapurified water using one or more sensors to provide an ultrapurified benchmark resistivity value Ri; introducing purified water into the circuit and passing the water through the ion exchange module; measuring the resistivity of the water to provide a new water resistivity value Rnew; and comparing Ri and Rnew to determine the effectiveness of the ion exchange module.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a water treatment apparatus having one or more chambers comprising the step of: filling at least one chamber with ion exchanger resin; wherein at least one ion exchanger resin is dry. Preferably, the dry ion exchange resin has a water content of 0-40 wt %, preferably 0-20 wt %, and more preferably 0-10 wt %, such that the volume of the dry ion exchange resin is 25-50 vol % less than the volume of the same ion exchange resin in a moist or wetted form. One form of suitable water treatment apparatus is an EDI apparatus comprising a plurality of chambers to form a stack, for the purification of the water. The present invention provides an easier method of filling of chambers compared with the use of wetted or moist resins, and ‘over filling’ of the cells of water treatment apparatus.