Abstract: Provided herein are 6-carboxylic acids of benzimidazoles and 4-aza-, 5-aza-, and 7-aza-benzimidazoles as GLP-1R agonists, processes to make said compounds, and methods comprising administering said compounds to a mammal in need thereof.

Abstract: A system for updating and reading a data base utilizes a pair of counters ere one counter is incremented prior to an update and the other is incremented following an update. The system permits the updating to take place at any time. By keeping track of the value of the counters the system either inhibits the reading from taking place during the updating if the updating commenced prior to the commencement of the reading or provides information that an updating occurred during the reading if the reading commenced prior to the commencement of the updating. The counters and data base are located within the RAM of a computer. The system has a first application program that gives information to a second application program via these RAM based components.