Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a mixing apparatus. Particularly, embodiments of the present invention provide a mixing apparatus for mixing fluid components such as phosgene and amine during a highly reactive chemical reaction. One embodiment provides a mixing conduit comprising a cylindrical sidewall defining an inner volume, wherein one or more jets are formed through the cylindrical sidewalls and connect to the inner volume and one or more flow obstructions disposed in the inner volume, wherein each flow obstruction is positioned upstream from an associated aperture.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a mixing apparatus. Particularly, embodiments of the present invention provide a mixing apparatus for mixing fluid components such as phosgene and amine during a highly reactive chemical reaction. One embodiment provides a mixing conduit comprising a cylindrical sidewall defining an inner volume, wherein one or more jets are formed through the cylindrical sidewalls and connect to the inner volume and one or more flow obstructions disposed in the inner volume, wherein each flow obstruction is positioned upstream from an associated aperture.

Abstract: A spectrometer is provided for acquiring a Raman spectrum from a sample. The spectrometer includes a first laser, a second laser, a detector and a processing device. The first laser is adapted to produce a first laser beam for generating first Raman spectra from the sample. The second laser is adapted to produce a second laser beam for generating second Raman spectra from the sample. The detector is adapted to collect the first Raman spectra and the second Raman spectra. The processing device is adapted to process the collected first and second Raman spectra to provide the Raman spectrum.

Abstract: A spectrometer is provided for acquiring a Raman spectrum from a sample. The spectrometer includes a first laser, a second laser, a detector and a processing device. The first laser is adapted to produce a first laser beam for generating first Raman spectra from the sample. The second laser is adapted to produce a second laser beam for generating second Raman spectra from the sample. The detector is adapted to collect the first Raman spectra and the second Raman spectra. The processing device is adapted to process the collected first and second Raman spectra to provide the Raman spectrum.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a mixing apparatus. Particularly, embodiments of the present invention provide a mixing apparatus for mixing fluid components such as phosgene and amine during a highly reactive chemical reaction. One embodiment provides a mixing conduit (100) comprising a cylindrical sidewall (101) defining an inner volume, wherein one or more jets are formed through the cylindrical sidewalls and connect to the inner volume and one or more flow obstructions (103) disposed in the inner volume, wherein each flow obstruction is positioned upstream from an associated aperture (102).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the concentration of a constituent in a fluid by directing a beam of light into the fluid and sensing the intensity of components of the light emerging from the fluid at various wavelengths. The light emerging from the fluid can be light that has been attenuated by absorption or induced by fluorescent radiation. The effect of scattering on the light is minimized by normalizing the component intensities, which are then applied to an algorithm incorporating weighting factors that weighs the influence that the intensity at each wavelength has on the determination of the concentration of the constituent for which the algorithm was developed. The algorithm is developed by a regression analysis based upon a plurality of known mixtures containing various concentrations of the constituent of interest.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the concentration of a constituent in a fluid by directing a beam of light into the fluid and sensing the intensity of components of the light emerging from the fluid at various wavelengths. The light emerging from the fluid can be light that has been attenuated by absorption or induced by fluorescent radiation. The effect of scattering on the light is minimized by normalizing the component intensities, which are then applied to an algorithm incorporating weighting factors that weighs the influence that the intensity at each wavelength has on the determination of the concentration of the constituent for which the algorithm was developed. The algorithm is developed by a regression analysis based upon a plurality of known mixtures containing various concentrations of the constituent of interest.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the concentration of a constituent in a fluid by directing a beam of light into the fluid and sensing the intensity of components of the light emerging from the fluid at various wavelengths. The light emerging from the fluid can be light that has been attenuated by absorption or induced by fluorescent radiation. The effect of scattering on the light is minimized by normalizing the component intensities, which are then applied to an algorithm incorporating weighting factors that weighs the influence that the intensity at each wavelength has on the determination of the concentration of the constituent for which the algorithm was developed. The algorithm is developed by a regression analysis based upon a plurality of known mixtures containing various concentrations of the constituent of interest.

Abstract: A modification to a commercial Fourier Transform (FT) Raman spectrometer is presented for the elimination of thermal backgrounds in the FT Raman spectra. The modification involves the use of a mechanical optical chopper to modulate the continuous wave laser, remote collection of the signal via fiber optics, and connection of a dual-phase digital-signal-processor (DSP) lock-in amplifier between the detector and the spectrometer's collection electronics to demodulate and filter the optical signals. The resulting Modulated Fourier Transform Raman Fiber-Optic Spectrometer is capable of completely eliminating thermal backgrounds at temperatures exceeding 300.degree. C.

Abstract: Benzene and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons can be predicted within .+-.0.31% vol or better, using Raman NIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis, with optional fiberoptics multistreaming, preferably with Partial Least Squares regression analysis. The resulting signal can be used to control concentration of such compounds in product to desired levels.

Abstract: Oxygenated hydrocarbons can be predicted within .+-.0.2% wt or better, using Raman NIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis, with optional fiberoptics multistreaming. The resulting signal can be used to control concentration of such compounds in product to desired levels.

Abstract: Acid sized carbonless base paper incorporating a sulphate based filler, particularly calcium sulphate, is less base reactive than otherwise similar paper made using conventional clay (kaolin) fillers. Carbonless paper, particularly CB paper, made from such base is less susceptible to undesired discoloration arising from base reactivity.

Abstract: Microcapsule-coated paper for use in a pressure-sensitive copying set contains a higher than conventional filler loading, namely 15% to 23%, based on the total weight of the paper. The use of filler loading levels within this range increases the maximum number of legible copies obtainable in a pressure-sensitive copying set.

Abstract: Record material comprising a paper sheet having on its front a printable pigment coating and on its back isolated droplets of colour former solution each confined within a pressure rupturable barrier, wherein the pigment coating comprises a binder for the pigment together with a synthetic reactive sizing agent or a coating structure agent or both the sizing agent and the coating structure agent.

Abstract: A long chain fatty acid salt, for example calcium, sodium or aluminium stearate, is included in small amounts (e.g. 2 to 10% by weight) in an otherwise conventional color developer composition of which the major active ingredient is an adsorbent inorganic material. Record material coated with such a composition exhibits better sheet-fed runnability characteristics in wet offset printing operations than if the fatty acid salt is not present.