Abstract: A range-changing circuit includes an array of graduated impedances in serial relationship, and a voltage sensing and limiting switch across one of said impedances. The switch limits the voltage across said one of the impedances in response to a voltage sensed by the switch.

Abstract: A circuit for alternatively controlling a current through a device and permitting measurement of a voltage across the device or controlling a voltage across the device and permitting measurement of a current through the device includes a sense impedance in series combination with the device, an error amplifier selectable to control the controlled current or voltage, the error amplifier providing an error signal for the control, and a floating buffer driving the series combination in response to the error signal.

Abstract: An integrated modular measurement system includes a universal module which is operable to receive measurement data from one or more measurement sensors, convert the measurement data into a value that represents a characteristic being measured and indicate the value to a user in a plurality of signal formats. An input module is coupled to the universal module and is operable to house one or more measurement sensors. The universal module and input module together operate to provide versatile measurement acquisition. A custom calibrated sensor module includes one or more sensors and a memory associated with and local to the one or more sensors. The memory contains calibration information which is uniquely associated with the sensors. In taking a measurement, the calibration information associated with the sensor taking the measurement is accessible for conversion instructions to thereby improve conversion accuracy.