Abstract: An apparatus, system and redox membrane for efficient lithium-ion extraction from natural salt waters or geothermal brines or manmade sources such as from lithium battery recycling are provided. The redox membrane is selective for lithium ions over other spectator ions making the system capable of selectively extracting lithium-ions from multiple-ion source solutions. The system uses the redox membrane as an electrochemically active material acting as a Li-selective membrane for direct lithium extraction from a lithium-ion source. The redox membrane is also not porous to solvents and is stable in caustic and high temperature environments. The features of the redox membrane and system allow the recovery of lithium from low purity sources and the production of higher purity products at reduced costs and process steps over conventional processes.

Abstract: Biological chemicals, potentially found in blood are measured by collecting sweat and determining the concentration or meaning of the selected chemical in sweat. The sweat can be collected using a time based, interval collector and analyzed using an external device. It can also be collected on a one time basis, using a flexible, chemical capacitor, or on a continuous basis using a chemical, field effect transducer.

Abstract: Biological chemicals, potentially found in blood are measured by collecting sweat and determining the concentration or meaning of the selected chemical in sweat. The sweat can be collected using a time based, interval collector and analyzed using an external device. It can also be collected on a one time basis, using a flexible, chemical capacitor, or on a continuous basis using a chemical, field effect transducer.

Abstract: Batteries having current collectors that are sealed at their borders to encapsulate the active material and dispense with the need to use separate packaging, and methods of fabrication thereof.

Abstract: Systems and methods for extracting lithium metal ions from a lithium containing ore such as spodumene or lithium salts are provided. The lithium ore or salt is suspended in a hydroxide salt or eutectic and heated to produce a molten salt suspension that is used to electroplate lithiated transition metal oxides on an electrode. Lithium metal or lithium ions can be isolated from the deposited lithiated transition metal oxides. A second metal ore may be included in the suspension and processed with the lithium ore.

Abstract: Biological chemicals, potentially found in blood are measured by collecting sweat and determining the concentration or meaning of the selected chemical in sweat. The sweat can be collected using a time based, interval collector 10 and analyzed using an external device. It can also be collected on a one time basis, using a flexible, chemical capacitor 50, or on a continuous basis using a chemical, field effect transducer 98.

Abstract: Biological chemicals, potentially found in blood are measured by collecting sweat and determining the concentration or meaning of the selected chemical in sweat. The sweat can be collected using a time based, interval collector and analyzed using an external device. It can also be collected on a one time basis, using a flexible, chemical capacitor, or on a continuous basis using a chemical, field effect transducer.