Abstract: An anode for an energy storage device includes a current collector having a metal oxide layer. A continuous porous lithium storage layer overlays the metal oxide layer, and a first supplemental layer overlays the continuous porous lithium storage layer. The continuous lithium storage layer may include a substoichiometric nitride of silicon. The total content of silicon may be at least 40 atomic %.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium-based energy storage device such as a lithium-ion battery is disclosed. The anode includes an electrically conductive current collector comprising an electrically conductive layer and a transition metal oxide layer overlaying the electrically conductive layer. The anode may include a continuous porous lithium storage layer provided over the transition metal oxide layer. The continuous porous lithium storage layer may include at least 80 atomic % silicon. A method of making the anode may include providing an electrically conductive current collector having an electrically conductive layer and a transition metal oxide layer provided over the electrically conductive layer. A continuous porous lithium storage layer is deposited over the transition metal oxide layer by PECVD. The continuous porous lithium storage layer has a total content of silicon of at least 80 atomic %.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium-based energy storage device such as a lithium-ion battery is disclosed. The anode includes an electrically conductive current collector comprising an electrically conductive layer and a transition metal oxide layer overlaying the electrically conductive layer. The anode may include a continuous porous lithium storage layer provided over the transition metal oxide layer. The continuous porous lithium storage layer may include at least 80 atomic % amorphous silicon and a silicide-forming metallic element in a range of 0.1 to 10 atomic %. A method of making the anode may include providing an electrically conductive current collector having an electrically conductive layer and a transition metal oxide layer provided over the electrically conductive layer. The transition metal oxide layer may have an average thickness of at least 0.05 ?m. A continuous porous lithium storage layer is deposited over the transition metal oxide layer by PECVD.

Abstract: An anode for an energy storage device is provided that includes a current collector having an electrically conductive layer, a plurality of lithium storage filamentary structures in contact with the electrically conductive layer. For each lithium storage filamentary structure of the plurality of lithium storage filamentary structures, there is a first supplemental layer overlaying at least a portion of the respective filamentary structure, the first supplemental layer including silicon nitride or a first metal compound. There is further a second supplemental layer overlaying at least a portion of the first supplemental layer, the second supplemental layer having a composition different from the first supplemental layer and comprising silicon nitride or a second metal compound.

Abstract: An anode for an energy storage device includes a current collector having an electrically conductive layer and a surface layer disposed over and in contact with the electrically conductive layer. The surface layer may include a transition metallate other than chromate. A lithium storage layer overlays and is in contact with the surface layer. The lithium storage layer may have an average thickness of at least 1 ?m, includes at least 40 atomic % silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof, and is substantially free of carbon-based binders. The lithium storage layer may be a continuous porous lithium storage layer.

Abstract: A lithium-ion battery may include a cathode, an anode, and a polymer electrolyte. The anode may include a current collector. A patterned lithium storage structure may overlay a patterned current collector. The patterned lithium storage structure may include first regions of a lithium storage material characterized by a first pattern. The patterned current collector may include second regions of recessed portions characterized by a second pattern complementary to the first pattern. The lithium storage material may include at least 40 atomic % amorphous silicon. These and other anodes and lithium-ion batteries are described.

Abstract: An anode for an energy storage device includes a current collector having an electrically conductive layer, a first surface characterized by a first pattern, and a second surface characterized by a complementary second pattern. The anode further includes a patterned lithium storage structure comprising a continuous porous lithium storage layer disposed over the current collector in a pattern corresponding to the first pattern. A method of making an anode for use in an energy storage device includes providing a current collector having an electrically conductive layer, a first surface characterized by a first pattern, and a second surface characterized by a complementary second pattern. A continuous porous lithium storage layer is formed by chemical vapor deposition over the first surface by exposing the current collector to a lithium storage material precursor gas.

Abstract: An anode for an energy storage device includes a current collector having a metal oxide layer. A continuous porous lithium storage layer overlays the metal oxide layer, and a first supplemental layer overlays the continuous porous lithium storage layer. The continuous porous lithium storage layer may be substantially free of nanostructures. The continuous lithium storage layer may include amorphous silicon deposited by a PECVD process. The first supplemental layer includes silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, or silicon oxynitride. The anode may further include a second supplemental layer overlaying the first supplemental layer.

Abstract: A prelithiated anode may include a current collector may include a metal oxide layer. Prelithiated anodes may in addition include a lithiated storage layer overlaying the metal oxide layer. The lithiated storage layer may be formed by incorporating lithium into a continuous porous lithium storage layer may include at least 80 atomic % silicon. The lithiated storage layer may include less than 1% by weight of carbon-based binders. The lithiated storage layer may further include lithium in a range of 1% to 90% of a theoretical lithium storage capacity of the continuous porous lithium storage layer. Batteries may include the prelithiated anode.

Abstract: Methods of making an anode for a lithium-based energy storage device such as a lithium-ion battery are disclosed. Methods may include providing a current collector. The current collector may include an electrically conductive layer and a surface layer overlaying over the electrically conductive layer. The surface layer may have an average thickness of at least 0.002 ?m. The surface layer may include a metal chalcogenide including at least one of sulfur or selenium. Methods may include depositing a continuous porous lithium storage layer onto the surface layer by a PECVD process. The continuous porous lithium storage layer may have an average thickness in a range of 4 ?m to 30 ?m and comprises at least 85 atomic % amorphous silicon.

Abstract: A lithium-ion battery may include a cathode, an anode, and a polymer electrolyte. The anode may include a current collector. The current collector may include a metal oxide layer provided in a first pattern overlaying a metal layer. The anode may also include a patterned lithium storage structure. The patterned lithium storage structure may include a continuous porous lithium storage layer overlaying at least a portion of the first pattern of metal oxide. These and other lithium-ion batteries are described.

Abstract: An anode for use in an energy storage device is provided. The anode includes a current collector having an electrically conductive substrate and a surface layer overlaying a first side of the electrically conductive substrate. The surface layer may include a metal oxide or a metal chalcogenide. The anode may also include a lithium storage layer overlaying the surface layer. The lithium storage layer may have a total content of silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof of at least 40 atomic %. The lithium storage layer may include less than 10 atomic % carbon. The anode may also include a plurality of lithium storage filamentary structures in contact with a second side of the electrically conductive substrate. The second side is opposite the first side. The plurality of lithium storage filamentary structures may include silicon, germanium, tin, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: An anode for an energy storage device may include a current collector. An anode may include a first lithium storage layer overlaying the current collector. An anode may include a first intermediate layer overlaying at least a portion of the first lithium storage layer. An anode may include a second lithium storage layer overlaying the first intermediate layer. The first lithium storage layer may be a continuous porous lithium storage layer including a total content of silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof, of at least 40 atomic %. The first intermediate layer may include a first sublayer in contact with an underlying lithium storage layer and a second sublayer overlaying the first sublayer and in contact with an overlying lithium storage layer, the first sublayer having different a chemical composition than the second sublayer.

Abstract: An anode for an energy storage device includes a current collector. The current collector includes: i) an electrically conductive substrate including a first electrically conductive material; ii) a plurality of electrically conductive structures in electrical communication with the electrically conductive substrate, wherein each electrically conductive structure includes a second electrically conductive material; and iii) a metal oxide coating. The metal oxide coating includes one or both of: a) a first metal oxide material in contact with the electrically conductive substrate; or b) a second metal oxide material in contact with the electrically conductive structures; or both (a) and (b). The anode further includes lithium storage coating overlaying the metal oxide coating, the lithium storage layer including a total content of silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof. The electrically conductive structures are at least partially embedded within the lithium storage coating.

Abstract: A method of making an anode for an energy storage device such as a lithium-ion energy storage device is disclosed. The method may include depositing a first lithium storage layer over a current collector by a first CVD process. The current collector may include a metal oxide layer, and the first lithium storage layer is deposited onto the metal oxide layer. The method may also include forming a first intermediate layer over at least a portion of the first lithium storage layer. The method may further include depositing a second lithium storage layer over the first intermediate layer by a second CVD process. At least the first lithium storage layer may be a continuous porous lithium storage layer having a total content of silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof, of at least 40 atomic %.

Abstract: An anode for an energy storage device may include a current collector. The current collector may include a metal oxide layer. The metal oxide layer may include a doped oxide or zinc oxide. In addition, the anode may include a continuous porous lithium storage layer overlaying the metal oxide layer. The continuous porous lithium storage layer may include a total content of silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof, of at least 40 atomic %.

Abstract: An anode for an energy storage device includes a current collector having an electrically conductive layer and a surface layer disposed over the electrically conductive layer. The surface layer may include a first surface sublayer proximate the electrically conductive layer and a second surface sublayer disposed over the first surface sublayer. The first surface sublayer may include zinc. The second surface sublayer may include a metal-oxygen compound, wherein the metal-oxygen compound includes a transition metal other than zinc. The current collector may be characterized by a surface roughness Ra ? 250 nm. The anode further includes a continuous porous lithium storage layer overlaying the surface layer. The continuous porous lithium storage layer may have an average thickness of at least 7 µm, may include at least 40 atomic % silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof, and may be substantially free of carbon-based binders.

Abstract: An anode for an energy storage device includes a current collector having a metal oxide layer. A continuous porous lithium storage layer overlays the metal oxide layer, and a first supplemental layer overlays the continuous porous lithium storage layer. The continuous porous lithium storage layer may be substantially free of nanostructures. The continuous lithium storage layer may include amorphous silicon deposited by a PECVD process. The first supplemental layer includes silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, or silicon oxynitride. The anode may further include a second supplemental layer overlaying the first supplemental layer.

Abstract: Methods of making an anode for a lithium-based energy storage device such as a lithium-ion battery are disclosed. Methods may include providing a current collector. The current collector may include an electrically conductive layer and a surface layer overlaying over the electrically conductive layer. The surface layer may have an average thickness of at least 0.002 ?m. The surface layer may include a metal chalcogenide including at least one of sulfur or selenium. Methods may include depositing a continuous porous lithium storage layer onto the surface layer by a PECVD process. The continuous porous lithium storage layer may have an average thickness in a range of 4 ?m to 30 ?m and comprises at least 85 atomic % amorphous silicon.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium-based energy storage device such as a lithium-ion battery is disclosed. The anode includes an electrically conductive current collector comprising an electrically conductive layer and a transition metal oxide layer overlaying the electrically conductive layer. The anode may include a continuous porous lithium storage layer provided over the transition metal oxide layer. The continuous porous lithium storage layer may include at least 80 atomic % amorphous silicon and a silicide-forming metallic element in a range of 0.1 to 10 atomic %. A method of making the anode may include providing an electrically conductive current collector having an electrically conductive layer and a transition metal oxide layer provided over the electrically conductive layer. The transition metal oxide layer may have an average thickness of at least 0.05 ?m. A continuous porous lithium storage layer is deposited over the transition metal oxide layer by PECVD.